Red Ginseng Extract Ameliorates Autoimmune Arthritis via Regulation of STAT3 Pathway, Th17/Treg Balance, and Osteoclastogenesis in Mice and Human
Figure 4
Red ginseng extract inhibits osteoclastogenesis in CIA mice. (a) The number of TRAP+ cells in the arthritic joint of red ginseng extract (RGE) or CIA was counted using light microscopy. The BMM cells from the DBA/1J mice were cultured with M-CSF (10 ng/mL) and RANKL (50 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of various concentrations of RGE. (b) Cells were fixed and stained for TRAP (original magnification, ×100). The number of TRAP+ cells was counted using light microscopy. The representative photographs from each group are shown. (b) The mRNA expressions of various osteoclastogenic markers such as RANK, MMP9. Cathepsin K and TRAP were analyzed using real time PCR. BMM: bone-marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage; MMP9: matrix metalloproteinase 9. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments , , and compared to control mice.
