The Role of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

Figure 2

IL-1β associated intracellular signaling pathways and downstream cellular targets and effects. IL-1R1: interleukin-1 receptor, type 1; IL-1R2: interleukin-1 receptor, type 2; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88); IRAK: interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; TRAF6: TNF receptor-associated factor 6; TAK1: also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7); TAB1: also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 interacting protein 1 (MAP3K7IP1); TAB2: also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 interacting protein 2 (MAP3K7IP2); p50, p65: subunits of proteins forming NF-κB; IκB: (inhibitor of κB) an endogenous complex of proteins inhibiting the activation of NF-κB; IKK1,2/NEMO: NF-κB inhibitor kinase 1,2 (IκB kinase 1,2)/NF-κB kinase inhibitor (NF-κB essential modulator); ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; p38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases; AP-1: activator protein 1.