Although extensively studied and indeed emotionally discussed for more than two decades the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease remains controversial. Three major questions are still not yet resolved. (1) Is CRP a clinically relevant marker of cardiovascular risk? (2) Is CRP even more than a risk marker, that is, a risk factor in cardiovascular disease? (3) Finally, is CRP a cardiovascular drug target?
This special issue comprises four review articles and three research articles that reflect the ongoing controversy over the subject. The review articles discuss CRP as a cardiovascular risk marker, CRP in animal models, CRP in its native and nonnative conformation, and CRP in human arteriosclerosis. The research articles deal with CRP as a cardiovascular risk marker in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome and with CRP as a drug target. The discussion climaxes in two research articles describing the use of CRP specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) for the treatment of cardiovascular disease in animal models. The conclusions are indeed contradictory. When looking at the two articles, three general points may have to be taken into consideration. (1) Is the statistical power of the animal experiments adequate to draw definitive conclusions? (2) Are there off-target effects of the ASOs that may confound the results? And (3) is it necessary to design studies incorporating multiple on-target ASOs?
Specific CRP inhibition followed by use of CRP inhibitors in controlled clinical trials may be the only way to prove or disprove a causative role for CRP in cardiovascular disease.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the other guest editors and also all the expert reviewers for their faithful collaboration and help in generating this special issue on an important topic in cardiovascular medicine.
Jan Torzewski
Jianglin Fan
Heribert Schunkert
Alexander Szalai
Michael Torzewski