30 RA patients; 30 patients with PD; 30 healthy volunteers
RA (27 females and 3 males; 66 ± 2 years; 3 smokers); PD (20 females and 10 males; 62.3 ± 1.5 years; 1 smoker and 2 former smokers); healthy (20 females and 10 males; 53.4 ± 2.7 years; nonsmokers)
Periodontal therapy 6 months prior to examination Less than 15 teeth Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy
CAL, PPD, and missing teeth
Anti-TNF-α
The hypomethylated status, a single region of the IL-6, may contribute to elevated serum levels of this cytokine, implying a role in the pathogenesis of PD and RA
Patients: 171 autoantibody negative; 75 autoantibody positive; 38 high risk based on the presence of a positive ACPA or positivity to 2 or more RF assays
Negative antibody (69% female; 44 ± 14 years; 37% smokers; 5% with DM); positive antibody (73% female; 48 ± 15 years; 31% smokers; 4% with DM); high risk (76% female; 51 ± 16 years; 29% smokers; 5% with DM)
Age < 18 years
Not analyzed
Not informed
Anti-P. gingivalis concentrations were higher in high-risk, with autoantibody (anti-CCP and RF), positive group than in the autoantibody negative group
Formation of citrullinated proteins in periodontal tissues was shown, which appear to be a variety similar to those observed in RA synovial tissue affected by RA
31 patients with new-onset RA; 34 chronic RA patients; 18 healthy volunteers
New-onset RA (68% female; 42.2 years; 16% smokers, 16% former smokers, and 68% nonsmokers); chronic RA (79% female; 47.7 years; 6% smokers; 24 former smokers; 70% nonsmokers); healthy (65% female; age: 42.2 years; 6% smokers; 16% former smokers; 78% nonsmokers)
Recent use of any antibiotic therapy; current extreme diet; inflammatory bowel disease Malignancy; consumption of probiotics; tract surgery leaving permanent residua; liver, renal, or peptic ulcer diseases
CAL, PPD, and BOP
Corticoids, DMARDs, and biologic therapy
New-onset RA patients exhibit a high prevalence of PD at disease onset; the colonization with P. gingivalis correlates with PD severity; overall exposure was similar among groups
95 RA patients; 44 non-RA controls; 36 healthy volunteers
RA (68% female; 56 ± 11 years; 23% current smokers; 40% former smokers); non-RA controls (57% female; 54 ± 9.7 years; 27% current smokers; 43% former smokers); healthy (56% female; 34 ± 15 years; 14% current smokers)
Age < 18 years; edentulism; diabetes mellitus; active thyroid disease; nonoral infections Malignancy; myocardial infarction or stroke; pregnancy Antibiotic use
BOP, PPD, and CAL
DMARDs and anti-TNF-α
Association between PD and RA and the increased prevalence of PD in patients with RA
Anti-P. gingivalis titers were higher in RA patients with severe PD compared with non-RA patients
17 RA patients; 16 patients with PD; 16 healthy volunteers
RA (14 females and 3 males; 47.82 years) PD (6 females and 10 males; 44 years); healthy (8 females and 8 males; 28 years)
Conservative or prosthetic restorations; caries at the anterior region; systemic or local disease with an influence on the immune system (cancer and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases); history of hepatitis or HIV infection; immunosuppressive chemotherapy; current pregnancy or lactation; antibiotic prophylaxis; history of antibiotic therapy Periodontal treatment <18 years; smokers
PI, GI, PPD, and CAL
MTX, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, NSAIDs, and corticoids
No significant differences in the levels of pro- and anticytokine between PD and RA were observed
RA (77.4% female; 52.6 ± 14.4 years); controls (77.4% female; 52.4 ± 15.4 years); comorbidities: diabetes mellitus and Sjögren’s syndrome
Age < 16 years
Periodontal surgery, number of PD-related visits
Not informed
PD severity was related to a history of periodontal surgery, more PD-related visits, and higher costs of medical care; an association between periodontitis and incident RA was demonstrated
Concentrations in serum and GCF of RANKL and OPG were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in patients with RA when compared to individuals with OPR and healthy volunteers; the total counts of the IL-17 and IL-17F were significantly higher in patients with RA compared to the control group
Despite the long-term use of various anti-inflammatory drugs in RA and osteoporosis, patients involved in this study showed an increase in gingival crevicular and serum levels of TNF-α
RA (76 females and 24 males; 46.54 ± 8.5 years) Healthy (86 females and 26 males; 45.91 ± 9.76 years)
Systemic diseases; smokers; conditions that may alter the serum CRP and blood ESR levels; antibiotic use; periodontal therapy
GI, PPD, CAL, missing teeth, and OHI-S
Not informed
Patients with RA, compared to healthy volunteers, showed a significant difference in PPD and CAL, and 58% of patients with RA had moderate to severe PD
Treatment group (84.6% female; 60.7 years; 9 former smokers and 17 nonsmokers); control group (82.8% female; 62.7 years; 11 former smokers and 18 nonsmokers)
Pregnancy; lactation; antibiotic and NSAIDs use (3 months before); vitamin supplementation (3 months before); regular mouthwash; dietary requirements (celiac disease)
Not analyzed
Not informed
Serum antibodies were significantly higher in patients with PD compared with those without PD for antibodies against CEP-1, REP-1, vimentin, and fibrinogen
87% female; 51.7 ± 9.7 years; 78% nonsmokers, 30.69% with hypertension; 34.16% with dyslipidemia; 2.97% with DM; 2.47% with chronic kidney disease; 58.97% with osteoporosis; and 23.08% with osteopenia.
Pregnancy; lactation; systemic conditions that could affect the progression of periodontal disease, such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, severe hypertension, severe renal insufficiency, or malignancies; antibiotic uses
GI, PI, CAL, PPD, and gingival recession
MTX, prednisolone, DMARDs, and diclofenac
RA Patients had a high prevalence of moderate or severe periodontitis
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Increasing age, the male sex, history of previous or current smoking, and high PI were associated with the severity of periodontal disease
RA (63% male; 59 years; 19% smokers, 43% former smokers; 38% nonsmokers); healthy (60% male; 59 years; 11% smokers, 35% former smokers, and 54% nonsmokers)
Tetracycline or antibiotic use (6 months); cyclosporine or dilantin; antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental probing
PPD, BOP, PI, and gingival recession
Not informed
Periodontitis was more common in patients with RA positive for anticyclic citrullinated peptide; there was an association between periodontitis and the number of inflamed joints and RF Antibodies specific for anticyclic citrullinated peptide were higher in patients with P. gingivalis subgingival plaque
Current therapy with biological DMARDs; poor oral hygiene or disabilities that interfere with adequate oral hygiene; periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease; periodontal therapy within the past 5 years; professional to antibiotics use; pregnancy or nursing during the past 6 months
PPD, BOP, GI, PI, and CAL
DMARDs and corticoids
PPD, BOP, and CAL were increased in RA patients when compared to healthy volunteers
RA (63% male; 59 ± 12 years; 38% never smokers; 43% former smokers; 19% current smokers; 18% with DM; 45% hypertension; 13% cardiovascular disease; 11% osteoporosis); OA (60% male; 59 ± 11 years; 54% never smokers; 35% former smokers; 11% current smokers; 25% with DM; 57% hypertension; 10% cardiovascular disease; 15% osteoporosis)
Tetracycline or related antibiotic use (6 months); antibiotic premedication Pregnancy or breastfeeding; prior use of cyclosporine or phenytoin; systemic inflammatory disease
ABL
MTX, prednisolone, and biologic therapy
ACPA-positive patients with RA had a statistically significantly higher mean percentage of sites with ABL >20% than patients with OA
After multivariate adjustment, greater ABL was significantly associated with higher serum ACPA concentration,
DAS28, health assessment questionnaire disability,