Microparticles That Form Immune Complexes as Modulatory Structures in Autoimmune Responses

Table 2

MPs as mediators of communication between cells.

Effects	Cell source of MPs target cell	In vitro generation of MPs	Content of MPs	REF
Chemotaxis of mononuclear phagocytes to the endothelium	Platelets endothelial cells	Apoptosis	RANTES/CCL5	[54]
Nonspecific chemotaxis	Platelets human neutrophils	PGE1	Fibrinogen receptor Glycoproteins and integrin IIb3	[33, 55]
Effects on cell proliferation and differentiation	Platelets endothelial cells Tumoral cells (human)	Cells activation and starvation	miRNA	[56, 57]
	Platelets endothelial precursors; Tumoral cells different types of cells	PGE1	Epidermal growth factor receptor	[33, 55]
Apoptosis of endothelial cells and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis in RA	Platelets endothelial cells, osteoclast	Activation	miRNA-223	[58]
Induction of GLUT4 expression in insulin-resistant cells	Platelets endothelial cells	Activation	miRNA-223	[59, 60]
Endothelial activation	Myeloid pyroptotic and activated cells endothelium and leukocytes (humans)	Apoptosis	IL-1-	[54]
Synthesis of sphingomyelinase, M2 activation, and cell death	Human macrophages endothelial cells	Calcium-mediated apoptosis	AA	[61, 62]
Coagulation, cell transformation, and inhibition of endothelial cells	Mononuclear, endothelial, and tumoral cells platelets	Staurosporine-induced apoptosis	Cardiolipin, platelet activating factor	[63, 64]
Coagulation	Mononuclear cells platelets, megakaryocytes	Apoptosis	CCR5	[65]
	Monocytes platelets (humans)	Thrombin activation	Tissue factor	[33, 55]
Antigen presentation, cross-presentation, and anergy	Among leukocytes (humans)	Apoptosis	MHC	[33, 55]
Expression of receptors from other cellular origins and transformation	Tumor, stem, and endothelial precursor cells platelets, myeloid cell lines (humans)	Overgrowth and activation	mRNA	[66–68]