Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers
Table 1
Demographics, vital signs and physical measurements, lifestyle, and medical history of the selected recruited subjects.
Variable
Nonusers ()
COC ()
CVC ()
Global test value
Nonusers versus COC value
Nonusers versus CVC value
Age
20.9 ± 1.8
22.3 ± 2.3
24.2 ± 2.7
<0.0001*
0.01*
<0.0001*
Race
0.04*
0.09
0.05
White
20 (67%)
26 (90%)
19 (95%)
African American
4 (13%)
0
0
Native American
0
0
1 (5%)
Asian
4 (13%)
1 (3%)
0
Other
2 (7%)
2 (7%)
0
Vital signs and physical measurements
SBP
111.8 ± 11.3
118.9 ± 11.4
117.0 ± 9.2
0.04*
0.02*
0.10
DBP
65.9 ± 12.0
72.0 ± 9.8
72.5 ± 9.0
0.04*
0.04*
0.04*
MAP
81.2 ± 10.6
87.6 ± 9.5
87.3 ± 8.5
0.03*
0.02*
0.04*
Pulse rate
79.0 ± 14.5
80.1 ± 11.7
70.9 ± 10.6
0.03*
0.74
0.04*
BMI
24.1 ± 5.4
22.5 ± 3.7
23.8 ± 3.8
0.40
0.21
0.82
WTH
0.81 ± 0.07
0.83 ± 0.08
0.81 ± 0.07
0.58
0.34
0.91
Lifestyle factors
Current smoker
0
0
1 (5%)
0.25
1.00
0.40
Alcohol consumption
15 (50%)
26 (90%)
19 (95%)
<0.0001*
<0.01*
<0.0001*
History of marijuana use
2 (7%)
2 (7%)
3 (15%)
0.54
1.00
0.38
Exercise (≥3 hrs/week)
23 (77%)
18 (62%)
15 (75%)
0.42
0.22
0.89
Regular sleeping habit
24 (80%)
27 (93%)
16 (80%)
0.28
0.25
1.00
Regular diet
24 (80%)
22 (76%)
16 (80%)
0.94
0.70
1.00
Medical history
Heart disease
0
0
1 (5%)
0.25
1.00
0.40
Urinary tract infection
1 (3%)
3 (10%)
4 (20%)
0.16
0.35
0.14
Depression
2 (7%)
6 (21%)
2 (10%)
0.26
0.15
1.00
Thyroid disease
0
1 (3%)
0
0.62
0.49
1.00
Migraine
0
1 (3%)
1 (5%)
0.52
0.49
0.40
History of pregnancy
0
1 (3%)
0
0.62
0.49
1.00
Family history of hypertension
4 (13%)
10 (34%)
10 (50%)
0.02*
0.07
<0.01*
Family history of CVD or stroke
3 (10%)
9 (31%)
9 (45%)
0.01*
0.06
<0.01*
Family history of CVD
3 (10%)
9 (31%)
7 (35%)
0.07
0.06
0.07
Family history of stroke
0
3 (10%)
2 (10%)
0.14
0.11
0.16
Note: data are presented as mean ± SD or (%). A value of <0.05 is indicated by *. BMI: body mass index, COC: combined oral contraceptive, CVC: combined vaginal contraceptive, CVD: cardiovascular disease, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, MAP: mean arterial pressure, SBP: systolic blood pressure, and WTH: waist to hip ratio.
