Inflammatory Mediators of Leprosy Reactional Episodes and Dental Infections: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Articles selected for the systematic review on leprosy reactions and presence of mediators in skin biopsy and/or serum (a) and leprosy reaction, dental infection, and presence of cytokines (b) according to the publication year, authors, type of sample, and obtained results.

Year	Authors		Results
(a) Leprosy reaction and presence of inflammatory mediators in skin biopsy specimens and/or serum
2013	Abdallah et al. [67]	31 (L), 6 (T1R),; 6 (T2R), 43 (C)	Increased production of IL-4 in multibacillary forms can be responsible for the development of erythema nodosum leprosum. IL-17 was lower in cases than in controls.
2012	Chaitanya et al. [77]	80 (T1R), 21 (T2R),; 90 (L), 94 (NL)	Serum IL-17 level increased during reactional states. There was higher elevation during T1R than during T2R and nonreactional states.
2011	Lockwood et al. [29]	299 (tissue)	TNF-α and TGF-1β were detected in 78% and 94% of the samples, respectively, and were associated with T1R.
	Madan et al. [129]	51 (L), 10 (R)	Levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10 were higher in T2R, whereas the TNF-α level was higher in T1R.
2009	Stefani et al. [40]	20 (R), 19 (L)	Potential biomarkers for T1R (CXCL10 and IL-6) and T2R (IL-6, IL-7, and PDGF-BB) were identified.
2007	Belgaumkar et al. [26]	94 (L), 5 (T1R),; 1 (T2R)	Levels of IFN-γ were higher in T1R, whereas the T2R individuals showed higher levels of IL-6 compared to the nonreactional states.
	Iyer et al. [130]	49 (R), 82 (L),; 112 (NL)	IFN-γ showed a greater association with the reactional states, mainly for T2R.
2004	Faber et al. [131]	7 (L)	It was not possible to establish a relationship between the serum profile of cytokines and T1R.
2002	Teles et al. [39]	9 (T1R), 16 (T2R)	TNF-α and IL-6 were detected in all individuals in a reactional state.
1998	Moubasher et al. [64]	55 (L), 35 (R)	Individuals with T1R and T2R had higher serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β than those in a nonreactional state. Higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 were noted in T1R and T2R, respectively.
(b) Leprosy reaction, dental infection, and presence of inflammatory mediators in serum
2010	Motta et al. [12]	19 (L and OI),; 19 (L without OI),; 10 (C: NL and OI)	It was observed that 78.8% of individuals with leprosy and OI presented erythema nodosum and 15.8% presented with a reverse reaction. Seven days after dental treatment, the serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly different between the groups. The IL-6 and IL-10 levels in Group C were higher than those in the group with L and OI. Clinical improvement of the reactional episode was noted after dental treatment in 68.4% (13/19) of individuals.

Note. Nonsignificant result; L, leprosy; T1R, type 1 reaction; T2R, type 2 reaction; C, control; NL, nonleprosy; R, reaction; OI, oral infection; PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor two B (-BB) chain.