Anti-Inflammatory and Organ-Protective Effects of Resveratrol in Trauma-Hemorrhagic Injury

Table 1

The organ-protective effects and mechanisms of resveratrol in trauma-hemorrhagic injury.

Species	Target organ	Effective dose	Effects and mechanisms	Ref.
Sprague-Dawley rat	Liver	30 mg/kg/BW	Estrogen receptor-dependent HO-1 expression↑	[20]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Liver	30 mg/kg/BW	Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (CINC-1↓, CINC-3↓, ICAM-1, MPO↓, and IL-6↓); Akt-dependent HO-1 expression↑	[39]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Liver	30 mg/kg/BW	Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (CINC-1↓, CINC-3↓, ICAM-1, MPO↓, and IL-6↓); estrogen receptor-mediated pathway	[41]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Liver	30 mg/kg/BW	Reduction of T-H-induced mitochondria damage and hepatocyte injury; increase in SIRT1 expression; and decrease in p53 and NF-κB activity; IL-6↓, MDA↓	[73]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Lung	30 mg/kg/BW	Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (CINC-1↓, CINC-3↓, ICAM-1, MPO↓, and IL-6↓)	[40]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Lung	30 mg/kg/BW	Estrogen receptor-dependent HO-1 expression↑	[20]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Intestine	30 mg/kg/BW	Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (CINC-1↓, CINC-3↓, ICAM-1, MPO↓, IL-6↓, and TNF-α↓); estrogen receptor-dependent P38/HO-1 expression↑	[18]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Heart	8 mg/kg/BW	Reduction of T-H-induced left ventricular contractility impairment through elevated SIRT1 expression; cardiac ATP↓, cytosolic cytochrome C↓, and plasma TNF-α↓	[86]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Heart	Not available	Reduction of T-H-induced mitochondria damage and improving left ventricular function through restored SIRT1 activity and PDK1 expression	[94]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Heart	30 mg/kg/BW	Reduction of T-H-induced proinflammatory parameters (ICAM-1↓, MPO↓, and IL-6↓); reduction of T-H-induced cardiac injury through elevated p-Akt activity	[38]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Endothelium	30 mg/kg/BW	Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation↓ through estrogen receptor-dependent pathway; ROS radical/NADPH oxidase expression↓	[20]
Sprague-Dawley rat	Aorta	30 mg/kg/BW	NADPH-stimulated ROS↓; aortic p22phox, p47phox, gp91phox, NOX1, and NOX4 mRNA levels↓	[20]

Note: the species (Sprague-Dawley rat) are all the same in Table 1.
BW: body weight; ER: estrogen receptor; HO-1: hemeoxygenase-1; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; MDA: malondialdehyde; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; CINC-1: cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; MPO: myeloperoxidase; IL-6: interleukin 6; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NOX: NADPH oxidase; PDK1: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1.