Author Patients Markers Results
Puz et al. [24 ] 95 26 asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients Leucocyte count, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen, TNFα , IL1β , IL-6 and IL10, and anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibody titre IL-6, fibrinogen, ESR, and CRP are higher in patients than in the control group. TNFα , IL-6, fibrinogen, number of leukocytes, monocytes, and CRP are higher in symptomatic patients than in asymptomatic patients Debing et al. [25 ] 360 180 asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients hs-CRP, sVCAM-1, and IL-6 hs-CRP, sVCAM-1, and IL-6 are higher in patients with stenosis than in healthy controls and correlate with the degree of stenosis Halvorsen et al. [26 ] 5341 3205 asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients White blood cell count, fibrinogen, and CRP White blood cells and fibrinogen were associated with the presence of plaque Chapman et al. [27 ] 1111 Randomly selected, population-based IL-6, hs-CRP, fibrinogen, monocyte count, and white blood cells Only monocyte counts were associated with carotid artery plaque upon multivariate analysis Abbas et al. [34 ] 181 159 high grade carotid artery stenosis patients S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 S100A12 levels were higher in patients with carotid atherosclerosis and highest in symptomatic patients. S100A8 and S100A9 were higher in symptomatic patients Andersson et al. [35 ] 1016 Population-based survey. All individuals were 70 years of age Apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, OxLDL, TNFα , HOMA insulin resistance, leucocyte count, BCD-LDL, L-selectin Inflammatory markers associated with plaque size Shindo et al. [38 ] 58 58 asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients undergoing surgical or endovascular intervention IL-6, IL1β , IL10, TNFα , E-selectin, VCAM-1, adiponectin, hs-CRP, and PTX3 PTX3 associated with histologic features of plaque vulnerability Willems et al. [39 ] 391 75 asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients s = serum ST2 No association with features of plaque instability Sugioka et al. [40 ] 102 102 asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients with stable coronary artery disease Neopterin Neopterin associated with complex plaque morphology Pelisek et al. [41 ] 101 37 histologically stable asymptomatic lesions Serum levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TNFα , IL-1β , IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 MMP-1, MMP-7, TIMP-1, TNFα , and IL-8 were higher in the sera of patients bearing histological features of plaque instability Koutouzis et al. [45 ] 119 57 asymptomatic patients IL-6, TNFα , IL-1β , SAA, and hs-CRP IL-6 was found higher in symptomatic patients Garcia et al. [46 ] 62 36 symptomatic patients hs-CRP hs-CRP was higher in symptomatic patients Handberg et al. [47 ] 62 16 symptomatic patients <2 months CD36 Soluble CD36 was higher in recently symptomatic patients, that is, symptoms <2 months Edsfeldt et al. [49 ] 162 92 symptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients suPAR suPAR was higher in symptomatic patients and correlated with higher histological signs of inflammation Olson et al. [50 ] 255 255 symptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients suPAR(I–III), suPAR(II-III), and uPAR(I) suPAR(I–III) and suPAR(II-III) were higher in TIAs and strokes than in amaurosis fugax Basta et al. [51 ] 29 19 symptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients sRAGE sRAGE was higher in symptomatic patients Abbas et al. [52 ] 205 182 asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients MMP-7 MMP-7 was higher in patients with carotid artery stenosis than in healthy controls, with highest values in symptomatic patients Duivenvoorden et al. [55 ] 130 130 patients with stable coronary artery disease Myeloperoxidase, hs-CRP, IL-6, soluble P-selectin, soluble E-selectin, sICAM1, sVCAM-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 Only myeloperoxidase correlated with baseline carotid artery FDG TBR in its most diseased segment Mani et al. [56 ] 130 130 patients with stable coronary artery disease IL-6, LpPLA2, apolipoprotein A-I, and hs-CRP IL-6 correlated with baseline carotid artery FDG TBR in its most diseased segment Rudd et al. [57 ] 41 41 suffering from atherosclerosis in multiple vascular districts MMP-3, MMP-9, hs-CRP, fibrinogen, IL18, adiponectin, and PAI1 Levels of MMP-3 correlated with carotid artery FDG TBR, while a negative correlation was established between carotid TBR and PAI1 Grufman et al. [58 ] 160 160 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy hs-CRP Blood levels of hs-CRP did not correlate with inflammatory activity within the plaque Norata et al. [65 ] 156 156 healthy volunteers LDL-RF, TGRL, and sdLDL LDL-RF, TGRL, and sdLDL correlated with carotid IMT in healthy volunteers Holm et al. [77 ] 261 28 asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients FABP4 FABP4 was higher in atherosclerotic patients and associated with cardiovascular mortality in the acute stroke cohort Mayer et al. [87 ] 853 853 symptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and total leukocyte count Neutrophils predicted cardiovascular mortality during 6-year follow-up Nasr et al. [88 ] 60 60 symptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients Neutrophil, lymphocytes, and monocytes counts Neutrophils predicted the occurrence of microembolic events on transcranial Doppler ultrasound Jurk et al. [89 ] 103 48 asymptomatic carotid stenosis patients Surface CD11b, P-selectin, and TSP-1 on macrophages. Platelet-monocytes aggregates TSP-1 and P-selectin were higher on the surface of monocytes from symptomatic patients Ritter et al. [91 ] 46 30 asymptomatic carotid stenosis patients P-selectin and thrombospondin expressions on platelets. Soluble P-selectin Higher soluble P-selectin was found in patients with microembolic signals on transcranial Doppler Sternberg et al. [92 ] 72 40 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) MMP-9 and PPAR-γ expression levels in circulating monocytes. Several monocytes activation markers Monocytes from patients suffering from carotid atherosclerosis displayed higher levels of activation, MMP-9, and PPAR-γ than in healthy controls Martin-Ventura et al. [93 ] 275 70 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy CD74 expression in PBMC CD74 expression was higher in PBMC of patients suffering from carotid atherosclerosis. In healthy controls it correlated with IMT Mantani et al. [94 ] 700 700 subjects from the cardiovascular cohort from the Malmo study CD19+CD40+ and CD19+CD86+ B cells count CD19+CD86+ B cells were shown to correlate with the degree of carotid artery stenosis and the risk of stroke. CD19+CD40+ B cells were shown to predict a low risk of stroke Baragetti et al. [97 ] 768 768 patients from the PLIC study LTL LTL was inversely correlated with IMT and the occurrence of cardiovascular events Schulze Horn et al. [102 ] 3092 3092 subjects over 55 years of age from the INVADE study hs-CRP hs-CRP was shown to correlate with IMT Orbe et al. [103 ] 400 400 healthy subjects MMP-1, MMP-9, and MMP-10, fibrinogen, IL-6, von Willebrand factor, and hs-CRP MMP-10 was associated with IMT Olson et al. [104 ] 912 912 participants in the MESA study CD4+CD45RA+ (naive) and CD4+CD45RO+ (memory) T cells IMT negatively correlated with the percentage of circulating naïve T cells Ammirati et al. [105 ] 183 183 free living subjects CD3+CD4+CD45RA−CD45RO+CCR7− T effector memory cells T effector memory cells were strongly associated with IMT Rogacev et al. [106 ] 622 622 healthy volunteers CD14++CD16−, CD14++CD16+, and CD14+CD16+ cells monocytes CD16+ monocytes were associated with IMT Qian et al. [111 ] 40 40 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy Soluble CD146 Soluble CD146 correlated with histologically determined plaque neovascularization Pelisek et al. [112 ] 56 28 stable lesions determined by histology VEGF VEGF was higher in patients bearing plaques with histological features of instability and correlated with the degree of neovascularization Jaipersad et al. [113 ] 120 40 severe (>50%) asymptomatic carotid stenosis and stable angina patients CD14++ CD16−CCR2 +, CD14+CD16++ CCR2−, and CD14++ CD16+CCR2+ monocytes and their surface expression of TLR4, IL-6 receptor, and Tie2 TLR4 and Tie2 were enriched in all monocytes subsets of patients suffering from carotid stenosis. CD14++CD16−CCR2+ monocytes correlated with carotid stenosis and IMT and were associated with severe plaque neovascularization
