Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants Contribute to Selected Sleep Quality and Cardiometabolic Health Relationships: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Characteristics of the US adult population ≥20 years of age.
Characteristics
Sleep quality
value
Good ()
Fair ()
Poor ()
Very poor ()
Age (mean (95% CI))
51.5 (48.7, 54.3)
48.9 (46.2, 51.6)
46.6 (44.4, 48.8)
46.7 (44.5, 48.9)
<0.05
Age categories (% (95% CI))
20 to <40 years
28.2 (21.7, 34.7)
33.9 (28.6, 39.2)
36.8 (31.8, 41.8)
33.7 (29.1, 38.4)
<0.05
40 to <65 years
45.9 (40.4, 51.5)
44.8 (39.2, 50.4)
47.1 (44.1, 50.1)
51.3 (45.7, 56.9)
≥65 years
25.9 (20.3, 31.4)
21.3 (15.9, 26.6)
16.1 (12.2, 20.0)
15.0 (10.0, 19.9)
Sex
Men
60.8 (55, 66.6)
51.5 (46.5, 56.4)
51.1 (47.5, 54.8)
43.4 (39.5, 47.4)
<0.05
Women
39.2 (33.4, 45.0)
48.5 (43.6, 53.5)
48.9 (45.2, 52.5)
56.6 (52.6, 60.5)
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
58.1 (49.1, 67.2)
73.8 (66.7, 80.9)
75.2 (67.4, 82.9)
73.6 (68.3, 78.9)
<0.05
Non-Hispanic Black
15.6 (10.7, 20.5)
10.0 (5.5, 14.6)
8.6 (5.1, 12.2)
13.0 (8.9, 17.1)
Mexican American
14.8 (9.1, 20.6)
7.0 (3.5, 10.6)
6.6 (4.6, 8.6)
5.3 (3.2, 7.3)
Others
11.4 (6.0, 16.8)
9.2 (3.6, 14.7)
9.6 (5.1, 14.1)
8.1 (5.0, 11.3)
Education
<High school
26.1 (18.7, 33.5)
16.5 (11.2, 21.8)
14.2 (10.9, 17.5)
16.8 (12.5, 21.1)
<0.05
High school
25.5 (19.0, 32.1)
24.9 (20.1, 29.7)
24.4 (20.2, 28.6)
27.7 (24.0, 31.4)
College
48.4 (36.2, 60.6)
58.6 (51.5, 65.7)
61.4 (56.0, 66.8)
55.5 (50.0, 61.0)
Income
<$20,000
16.8 (12.0, 21.6)
14.7 (10.8, 18.6)
12.9 (9.2, 16.7)
18.8 (14.1, 23.6)
NS
$20,000–44,999
33.7 (25.8, 41.5)
33.1 (27.2, 39.0)
30.3 (23.6, 37.0)
31.5 (24.0, 39.0)
≥$45,000
49.5 (39.5, 59.6)
52.2 (45.6, 58.9)
56.8 (49, 64.5)
49.7 (42.1, 57.3)
Smoking
None
52.1 (43.0, 61.3)
47.7 (40.8, 54.5)
52.9 (47.9, 58)
42.8 (36.6, 49.0)
<0.05
Current
20.7 (14.7, 26.8)
20.6 (14.9, 26.4)
22.1 (17.1, 27.2)
34.3 (29.7, 39.0)
Past
27.1 (21.5, 32.8)
31.7 (26.8, 36.6)
24.9 (20.8, 29.0)
22.8 (19.3, 26.4)
Alcohol intake
0 drinks/d
36.6 (30.9, 42.3)
29.8 (23.3, 36.3)
28.1 (22.2, 34.0)
33.6 (29.4, 37.8)
NS
<3 drinks/d
41.3 (34.4, 48.3)
46.3 (39.5, 53.1)
44.8 (39.0, 50.5)
39.7 (34.5, 44.8)
≥3 drinks/d
22.1 (16.9, 27.3)
23.9 (19.2, 28.6)
27.1 (22.4, 31.9)
26.8 (21.8, 31.7)
Recreational physical activity
None reported
41.2 (34.2, 48.1)
28.2 (24.2, 32.3)
28.2 (22.9, 33.5)
35.6 (31.2, 39.9)
<0.05
<500 MET⋅min/w
16.4 (11.3, 21.5)
22.2 (17.8, 26.6)
25.1 (20.2, 30.1)
22.4 (18.3, 26.5)
≥500 MET⋅min/w
42.4 (36.9, 48.0)
49.6 (44.1, 55.1)
46.6 (41.9, 51.4)
42.1 (35.2, 49.0)
Mean (95% CI) for continuous variables and % (95% CI) for categorical variables. Overall sleep quality was calculated based on six questions on sleep habits of participants and categorized into quartiles: good (<3), fair (≥3 to 7), poor (≥7 to 12), and very poor (≥12). , two-sided; ANOVA or Chi-square, as appropriate. NS: not significant. Sum of weights = 95,276,598.
