Cytokine Regulation of Microenvironmental Cells in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Table 1

Increased expression of cytokines in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Evidence for increased expression of the cytokines fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, oncostatin M (OSM), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the myeloproliferative neoplasms chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF), and systemic mastocytosis (SM) is shown. The numbers indicate selected references for elevated expression of the cytokine in the given myeloproliferative neoplasm.

Disease	CML	PV, ET, PMF	SM
Oncogene	BCR-ABL1	JAK2 V617F, CALR, MPL	KIT D816V
FGF	[31, 36, 37]	[36–46]	[47, 48]
HGF	[30, 31, 33]	[38, 39, 49, 50]
IL-6	[51, 52]	[38, 49, 51, 53]	[54–56]
IL-8	[57]	[49, 53, 58]
OSM		[59]	[60, 61]
PDGF	[35]	[22, 46, 62–65]
TGF-β	[66, 67]	[40, 42, 46, 68–72]	[48]
TNF-α	[31, 52]	[38, 49, 73]	[74]
VEGF	[26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 75–77]	[21, 36, 38, 45, 46, 49, 58, 75, 76, 78–87]	[54, 88–91]