Neuroimmunomodulation in the Gut: Focus on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Table 1

Main findings of PAR receptors.

Studies	PARs	Samples	Methods	Results
Corvera et al. (1999) [157]	PAR1 & PAR2	Small intestine of guinea pig	Primary culture; RT-PCR	PAR1 and PAR2 are expressed in myenteric neurons that express excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and purinoceptors
Green et al. (2000) [163]	PAR2	Porcine ileum	Immunohistochemistry	Cholinergic and noncholinergic submucosal neurons
Buresi et al. (2005) [164]	PAR1	Mouse colon	RT-PCR; Immunohistochemistry	Expressed in full-thickness specimens and mucosal scraping of colon; Localized on epithelial cells and on neurons in submucosal ganglia
Ikehara et al. (2010) [165]	PAR1 & PAR2	Mouse cecum	Electrical measurements	PAR1-mediated Cl^− secretion might occur by activation of the receptor on the submucosal secretomotor neurons; PAR2-mediated Cl^− secretion might occur by activation of the receptor on the epithelial cells
Mueller et al. (2011) [166]	PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4	Human submucosal plexus	Voltage- and calcium-sensitive dye recordings	PAR1, rather than PAR2 and PAR4, activates neurons and glia
		Guinea pig (comparative study)	Voltage- and calcium-sensitive dye recordings	PAR2, rather than PAR1 and PAR4, evoked strong responses in enteric neurons and glia