Mediators of Inflammation

Review Article

Histamine and Immune Biomarkers in CNS Disorders

Table 1

Immune markers in CNS disorders.

Population

Age (years)

CD3 (%)

CD4 (%)

CD7 (%)

CD8 (%)

HLA-DR (%)

CD25 (%)

CD28 (%)

CD56 (%)

CD3⁺/HLA-DR⁺

CD4/CD8

Control

374

49.87 ± 15.30

71.11 ± 8.08

51.45 ± 8.35

65.57 ± 11.57

27.51 ± 7.44

12.31 ± 4.02

19.96 ± 9.26

58.72 ± 9.88

15.24 ± 6.42

6.21 ± 3.97

2.06 ± 0.85

Anxiety

340

42.69 ± 14.46

69.73 ± 7.82

49.83 ± 7.77

63.41 ± 14.51

26.33 ± 7.13

12.58 ± 4.92

17.61 ± 10.06

58.20 ± 10.56

15.15 ± 7.04

4.94 ± 3.80

2.06 ± 0.79

Depression

483

43.19 ± 14.11

70.30 ± 7.98

50.92 ± 7.97

63.80 ± 13.79

25.92 ± 7.26

12.32 ± 4.89

17.96 ± 9.94

58.97 ± 10.99

14.56 ± 7.26

5.04 ± 4.44

2.16 ± 0.89

Psychosis

199

32.42 ± 13.19

69.90 ± 7.47

48.32 ± 7.52

66.20 ± 12.50⁽¹⁰⁷⁾

27.75 ± 7.88

12.93 ± 4.47

17.62 ± 9.08

59.44 ± 10.16

14.40 ± 7.84

5.36 ± 4.72

1.92 ± 0.77

Stroke

61.51 ± 13.36

70.57 ± 7.52

49.93 ± 8.11

61.57 ± 12.50

27.67 ± 7.69

10.25 ± 3.91

17.69 ± 8.98

54.32 ± 10.44

18.67 ± 8.31

6.30 ± 5.00

1.98 ± 0.73

Alzheimer’s disease

247

70.10 ± 11.11

67.61 ± 10.34

49.60 ± 9.18

60.62 ± 14.36

26.24 ± 9.81

11.72 ± 6.20

17.65 ± 9.21

52.43 ± 10.89

18.92 ± 8.88

6.58 ± 4.85

2.25 ± 1.19

Parkinson’s disease

67.82 ± 10.03

66.94 ± 10.63

47.54 ± 9.52

62.12 ± 13.65

28.22 ± 10.24

10.30 ± 3.88

15.64 ± 8.16

50.41 ± 9.97

22.44 ± 8.55

5.95 ± 3.39

2.00 ± 1.06

Attention-Deficit Activity Disorder

9.27 ± 3.54

68.31 ± 6.45

44.29 ± 5.92

66.46 ± 10.32

25.90 ± 5.75

15.53 ± 5.10

9.80 ± 5.74

56.82 ± 11.09

11.70 ± 5.22

4.12 ± 2.80

1.79 ± 0.46

Migraine

238

38.77 ± 13.90

70.19 ± 8.56

50.17 ± 8.62

66.15 ± 11.31⁽¹⁰⁸⁾

27.25 ± 7.23

12.30 ± 4.19

17.11 ± 9.25

60.06 ± 10.50

15.45 ± 8.15

5.43 ± 4.54

2.01 ± 0.84

Epilepsy

30.81 ± 19.06

67.94 ± 7.18

46.36 ± 9.17

66.22 ± 12.77⁽¹⁰⁹⁾

28.55 ± 7.08

14.17 ± 5.22

15.07 ± 6.86

57.76 ± 9.97

16.26 ± 7.59

5.25 ± 3.72

1.75 ± 0.65

Vascular dementia

215

75.29 ± 7.51

66.48 ± 10.54

48.37 ± 9.60

61.05 ± 14.46

27.27 ± 8.45

11.85 ± 6.27

17.55 ± 9.53

51.05 ± 10.91

20.40 ± 8.15

6.71 ± 5.44

2.00 ± 1.00

Vascular encephalopathy

404

68.78 ± 11.88

68.35 ± 8.49

49.31 ± 9.11

59.86 ± 14.25

27.25 ± 8.88

12.07 ± 5.71

19.10 ± 10.23

52.71 ± 11.22

18.08 ± 8.00

6.53 ± 4.73

2.10 ± 1.09

Multiple sclerosis

38.72 ± 11.64

70.68 ± 7.81

49.42 ± 8.73

61.84 ± 17.94

26.57 ± 6.71

13.10 ± 5.73

17.94 ± 8.87

60.84 ± 9.02

13.05 ± 7.07

5.47 ± 3.30

2.06 ± 1.06

Cerebrovascular insufficiency

152

53.64 ± 16.54

68.88 ± 9.74

49.61 ± 9.22

62.80 ± 12.29

27.80 ± 8.97

12.58 ± 6.21

18.35 ± 9.96

56.70 ± 12.12

16.57 ± 7.60

6.65 ± 6.12

2.03 ± 0.94

Brain tumors

54.21 ± 16.68

68.66 ± 8.17

48.00 ± 8.66

65.16 ± 11.09

27.41 ± 9.50

11.75 ± 3.86

15.58 ± 6.31

53.08 ± 12.85

18.83 ± 7.19

5.25 ± 3.33

2.01 ± 1.01

Cranial nerve neuropathy

48.78 ± 18.61

69.58 ± 7.10

48.82 ± 10.69

61.06 ± 13.07

24.79 ± 9.65

12.31 ± 5.25

15.41 ± 9.42

54.34 ± 15.30

15.31 ± 8.86

6.24 ± 5.13

2.21 ± 0.80

Mental retardation

135

14.63 ± 11.91

67.05 ± 7.95

45.95 ± 7.83

68.38 ± 10.38⁽¹¹⁰⁾

25.92 ± 5.70

15.69 ± 5.44

12.02 ± 7.46

56.68 ± 11.75

14.00 ± 6.50

5.72 ± 3.96

1.86 ± 0.62

Posttraumatic brain injury

39.43 ± 16.99

70.86 ± 7.53

49.39 ± 9.32

64.48 ± 13.96

28.08 ± 7.42

12.10 ± 4.41

15.85 ± 10.02

59.25 ± 8.74

15.87 ± 7.61

5.89 ± 4.14

1.93 ± 0.79

General population

3311

49.89 ± 21.44

69.15 ± 8.84

49.32 ± 8.89

63.50 ± 13.36

27.15 ± 8.17

12.46 ± 5.33

17.66 ± 9.67

56.15 ± 11.23

16.53 ± 7.94

5.99 ± 4.85

2.04 ± 0.93

Values: mean ± standard deviation.
Control (C), anxiety (Anx), depression (Dep), psychosis (Psy), stroke (Str), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), migraine (Mig), epilepsy (Epi), vascular dementia (VD), vascular encephalopathy (VE), multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebrovascular insufficiency (CVI), brain tumors (BT), cranial nerve neuropathy (CNN), mental retardation (MR), posttraumatic brain injury (PBI), and general population (GP).
Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA on Ranks
Dunn’s Method (): (1) C versus ADHD; (2) C versus MR; (3) C versus Psy; (4) Anx versus ADHD; (5) C versus MR; (6) Anx versus Psy; (7) Dep versus ADHD; (8) Dep versus MR; (9) Dep versus Psy; (10) Psy versus ADHD; (11) Psy versus MR; Str versus MR; (12) Str versus ADHD; (13) Str versus MR; (14) Str versus Psy; (15) Str versus Epi; (16) Str versus MS; (17) Str versus Mig; (18) Str versus PBI; (19) Str versus Anx; (20) Str versus Dep; (21) AD versus ADHD; (22) AD versus MR; (23) AD versus Psy; (24) AD versus Epi; (25) AD versus MS; (26) AD versus Mig; (27) AD versus PBI; (28) AD versus Anx; (29) AD versus Dep; (30) AD versus CNN; (31) AD versus C; (32) AD versus GP; (33) AD versus CVI; (34) PD versus ADHD; (35) PD versus MR; (36) PD versus Psy; (37) PD versus Epi; (38) PD versus MS; (39) PD versus Mig; (40) PD versus PBI; (41) PD versus Anx; (42) PD versus Dep; (43) PD versus CNN; (44) PD versus C; (45) PD versus GP; (46) PD versus CVI; (47) Mig versus ADHD; (48) Mig versus MR; (49) Epi versus ADHD; (50) Epi versus MR; (51) VD versus ADHD; (52) VD versus MR; (53) VD versus Psy; (54) VD versus Epi; (55) VD versus MS; (56) VD versus Mig; (57) VD versus PBI; (58) VD versus Anx; (59) VD versus Dep; (60) VD versus CNN; (61) VD versus C; (62) VD versus GP; (63) VD versus CVI; (64) VD versus BT; (65) VD versus Str; (66) VE versus ADHD; (67) VE versus MR; (68) VE versus Psy; (69) VE versus Epi; (70) VE versus MS; (71) VE versus Mig; (72) VE versus PBI; (73) VE versus Anx; (74) VE versus Dep; (75) VE versus CNN; (76) VE versus C; (77) VE versus GP; (78) VE versus CVI; (79) MS versus ADHD; (80) MS versus MR; (81) CVI versus ADHD; (82) CVI versus MR; (83) CVI versus Psy; (84) BT versus ADHD; (85) BT versus MR; (86) BT versus Psy; (87) CNN versus ADHD; (88) CNN versus MR; (89) CNN versus Psy; (90) PBI versus ADHD; (91) PBI versus MR; (92) GP versus ADHD; (93) GP versus MR; (94) GP versus Psy; (95) C-CD3 versus MR-CD3; (96) C-CD3 versus VD-CD3; (97) C-CD4 versus ADHA-CD4; (98) C-CD4 versus MR-CD4; (99) C-CD4 versus Epi-CD4; (100) Dep-CD4 versus ADHA-CD4; (101) Dep-CD4 versus MR-CD4; (102) Dep-CD4 versus Epi-CD4; (103) Mig-CD4 versus ADHD-CD4; (104) Mig-CD4 versus MR-CD4; (105) CVI-CD4 versus ADHD-CD4; (106) CVI-CD4 versus MR-CD4; (107) Psy-CD7 versus VE-CD7; (108) Mig-CD7 versus VE-CD7; (109) Epi-CD7 versus VE-CD7; (110) MR-CD7 versus VE-CD7; (111) ADHD-HLA-DR versus PD-HLA-DR; (112) ADHD-HLA-DR versus Str-HLA-DR; (113) ADHD-HLA-DR versus VD-HLA-DR; (114) ADHD-HLA-DR versus AD-HLA-DR; (115) ADHD-HLA-DR versus VE-HLA-DR; (116) Epi-HLA-DR versus PD-HLA-DR; (117) Epi-HLA-DR versus Str-HLA-DR; (118) Epi-HLA-DR versus VD-HLA-DR; (119) Epi-HLA-DR versus AD-HLA-DR; (120) Epi-HLA-DR versus VE-HLA-DR; (121) MR-HLA-DR versus PD-HLA-DR; (122) MR-HLA-DR versus Str-HLA-DR; (123) MR-HLA-DR versus VD-HLA-DR; (124) MR-HLA-DR versus AD-HLA-DR; (125) MR-HLA-DR versus VE-HLA-DR; (126) C-CD25 versus ADHD-CD25; (127) C-CD25 versus MR-CD25; (128) C-CD25 versus Epi-CD25; (129) VE-CD25 versus ADHD-CD25; (130) VE-CD25 versus MR-CD25; (131) C-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (132) C-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (133) Anx-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (134) Anx-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (135) Dep-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (136) Dep-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (137) Psy-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (138) Psy-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (139) Mig-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (140) Mig-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (141) Epi-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (142) Epi-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (143) MS-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (144) MS-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (145) MR-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (146) MR-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (147) PBI-CD28 versus PD-CD28; (148) PBI-CD28 versus VD-CD28; (149) PD-CD56 versus ADHD-CD56; (150) PD-CD56 versus MS-CD56; (151) PD-CD56 versus MR-CD56; (152) PD-CD56 versus Psy-CD56; (153) PD-CD56 versus Dep-CD56; (154) PD-CD56 versus CNN-CD56; (155) PD-CD56 versus Mig-CD56; (156) PD-CD56 versus Anx-CD56; (157) PD-CD56 versus C-CD56; (158) PD-CD56 versus PBI-CD56; (159) PD-CD56 versus Epi-CD56; (160) PD-CD56 versus GP-CD56; (161) PD-CD56 versus CVI-CD56; (162) PD-CD56 versus VE-CD56; (163) VD-CD56 versus ADHD-CD56; (164) VD-CD56 versus MS-CD56; (165) VD-CD56 versus MR-CD56; (166) VD-CD56 versus Psy-CD56; (167) VD-CD56 versus Dep-CD56.