Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction Constitute a Common Therapeutic Target in Cardiometabolic Disorders

Figure 1

Insulin signalling in vessels. α: alfa subunit of insulin receptor; β: beta subunit of insulin receptor; Shc: Src homology and collagen protein; Grb2: cytosolic growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate; SOS: proline-rich domain of the son of sevenless; Ras: family of related proteins; Raf: serine/threonine specific protein kinases; MEK1/2: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK/MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ET-1: endothelin-1; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.