|
| Adipokine | | EAE | | Multiple sclerosis |
|
| Leptin | ↑ | In serum before clinical onset [75]
Transport in hippocampus and cervical spinal cord in early stage [77]
In females rather than in males in pup mice and decrease in time-dependent manner [57]
↑ IFN-γ and TNF in Histidine DeCarboxylase-deficient (HDC−/−) mice [78]
In Endothelial Leptin receptor-specific Knock-Out (ELKO) [80]
Microvascular leptin receptors [80] | ↑ | In patients [32, 39], in CSF and serum [35] during remission [76]
↑ pSTAT3 and ↓ SOCS3 in patients with RRMS on relapsing [76]
↓ sCD40L and ↓ TNF-R in patients treated with GA [73]
In IFN-β-treated patients [79]
In females [81] and pregnant females with MS [82]
↑ Leptin receptor in CD8+ T cells in monocytes from patients with RRMS in relapse rather than remission [76]
↑ Leptin receptor (ObR) in T cell lines after activation with human Myelin Basic Protein (hMBP) [35] |
|
| Leptin | ↓ | In triterpene-pretreated EAE mice [83]
↓ IL-6 in EAE mice with caloric restriction [84] | ↓ | In patients treated with Metformin and Pioglitazone [72]
In postdelivery females with MS [82]
After IFN-β treatment [85] and ↓ IL-6 in patients with SPMS treated with IFN-β [86]
In untreated or methylprednisolone-treated patients [79] |
|
| Leptin | | Negatively correlates with clinical score in females [57]
Correlates with disease susceptibility, reduction in food intake, and decrease in body weight [75]
Blockade of leptin with antileptin or soluble mouse receptor chimera (ObR:FC) improves clinical score, reduces disease relapses, inhibits T cell proliferation, and induces Th2 cytokine profile [88] | | Negatively correlates with testosterone in males [87]
Positively correlates with BMI in females [87]
Correlates with disease duration, but not with EDSS, in females [81]
ObR in plasma are similar between patients and controls [79]
Correlates in serum with IFN-γ in CSF [35]
Inversely correlates with Treg [35]
Correlates with BMI in patients with low and intermediate, but not with high, EDSS [89]
Induces IFN-γ in PBMC from patients with MS in relapse, but not in remission [90]
Induces TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 production in PBMC from relapsing patients with MS, but not in remission [91] |
|
| Adiponectin | | As treatment, ameliorates EAE in ADPKO mice [84] | ↓ | In patients with MS [37]
In patients with RRMS [32] |
| ↑ | In patients treated with Metformin and Pioglitazone [72]
In CSF from twins with MS [92]
↓ IL-6 in EAE mice with caloric restriction [84] |
|
| Resistin | | | ↑ | In patients with MS and in patients with RRMS [32]
↑ TNF-α, ↑ IL-1β, and ↑ hs-CRP in patients with MS [34] and in patients with PPMS [33] |
|
| Visfatin | | | ↑ | In patients [33] |
|
| A-FABP | | | ↑ | In patients with SPMS and in pediatric-onset patients [39] |
|
| Adipsin | | | ↑ | In CSF from twins with MS [92]
In serum and CSF in individuals with overweight/obesity and in patients suffering from hypertension or diabetes mellitus [93]
Correlates in serum and CSF and is gender-independent [93]
In CSF does not correlate with oligoclonal-band presence [93] |
|
| Chemerin | ↑ | In CNS of mice [94]
It is present in intralesional cerebrovascular endothelial cells, and its receptor is expressed in CNS-infiltrating leukocytes [95] | ↑ | In patients with MS with overweight/obesity [38] |
|
| Omentin-1 | | | | Correlates with BMD at femoral neck, total hip, osteopontin, and osteocalcin [96] |
|
| Vaspin | | | | Does not correlate with age, BMI, biochemical, and BMD measurements in patients with MS [96] |
|
