12 Weeks of Combined Endurance and Resistance Training Reduces Innate Markers of Inflammation in a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Table 4
Exercise results in decreased secretion of the inflammatory mediators, TNF-α and MMP-9, upon LPS and IFN-γ stimulation.
Inflammatory mediator
Group
Time
LPS + IFN-γ
IQ
Mean fold change ± SEM
values
Mean fold change ± SEM
values
IL-1β
EX
PRE
89.3 ± 11.5
0.461
2.2 ± 0.2
0.790
POST
77.1 ± 11.5
2.0 ± 0.2
SED
PRE
94.1 ± 19.5
0.258
2.7 ± 0.6
0.029
POST
72.0 ± 16.9
1.8 ± 0.4
IL-6
EX
PRE
111.0 ± 7.7
1.000
15.7 ± 2.1
1.000
POST
110.8 ± 6.5
15.9 ± 2.5
SED
PRE
103.5 ± 12.8
0.782
16.8 ± 3.1
1.000
POST
109.7 ± 11.0
14.5 ± 3.4
IL-12p70
EX
PRE
26.0 ± 7.6
0.313
1.2 ± 0.1
1.000
POST
15.2 ± 4.1
1.2 ± 0.2
SED
PRE
18.1 ± 6.4
1.000
1.6 ± 0.4
0.410
POST
19.5 ± 6.8
2.2 ± 0.6
TNF-α
EX
PRE
55.1 ± 5.7
0.028
1.6 ± 0.1
0.926
POST
39.2 ± 4.4
1.5 ± 0.1
SED
PRE
43.9 ± 8.0
1.000
1.6 ± 0.2
0.168
POST
46.5 ± 9.3
1.3 ± 0.2
IFN-α
EX
PRE
2.1 ± 0.6
1.000
7.4 ± 1.2
1.000
POST
2.7 ± 0.9
8.0 ± 1.6
SED
PRE
1.9 ± 0.8
1.000
6.7 ± 1.8
0.231
POST
1.7 ± 0.6
4.4 ± 1.0
Caspase-1
EX
PRE
8.8 ± 0.7
0.604
4.8 ± 0.7
0.260
POST
8.0 ± 0.7
3.6 ± 0.4
SED
PRE
8.1 ± 1.0
1.000
3.6 ± 0.6
1.000
POST
6.8 ± 0.8
3.8 ± 0.9
MMP-9
EX
PRE
7.9 ± 0.8
0.040
2.2 ± 0.2
1.000
POST
6.2 ± 0.5
2.1 ± 0.1
SED
PRE
6.5 ± 1.0
0.233
2.0 ± 0.2
1.000
POST
6.4 ± 0.6
2.0 ± 0.3
Blood samples were stimulated overnight with LPS in combination with IFN-γ, or IQ. Secretion of inflammatory mediators was quantified using ELISA. Mean fold changes are calculated as the ratio of the secreted concentration in the stimulated condition to the nonstimulated condition. Results are shown as mean fold change ± SEM. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IQ, imiquimod; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IFN, interferon; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; EX, exercise group; SED, sedentary control group; PRE, baseline measurement; POST, measurement after 12 weeks; SEM, standard error of the mean.
