|
| Herbs | Material | Extracts | Asthmatic model | Route | Effective dose | Mechanism |
| Category | Details |
|
| Scutellaria baicalensis | Root | Skullcapflavone II [41] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 10, 30 mg/kg/d 7 d | TGF-β1/Smad | Reduced TGF-β1 in BLAF, elevated Smad7, and suppressed Smad2/3 expression |
| Root | Baicalein [42] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | i.p. | 10 mg/kg/d 6 d | AAMP | Reduced 12/15-LOX activity |
| NA | Oroxylin A [36, 43] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/d 3 d | NF-κB | Suppressed NF-κB activation |
| Specific IgE induced rat RBL-2H3 mast cells | In vitro | 10, 30 μM 30 min | Mast cells | Inhibited degranulation of mast cells |
| Root | Wogonin [14] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 10, 30 mg/kg/d 3 d | STAT6 | Suppressed OVA-induced STAT6 activation |
| IL-4 induced BEAS-2B cells | In vitro | 10, 30, and 50 μM 4 h | STAT6 | Suppressed IL-4-induced eotaxin-3 expression via suppressing JAK1 and STAT6 activation |
| Root | Baicalin [28, 29] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/d 4 w | MAPK | Inhibited RASM cell proliferation and migration by suppressing MAPK signal pathway |
| Airway smooth muscle cells from SD rats (RASM) | In vitro | 10, 25, and 100 nM 1 h |
|
| Astragalus | NA | Aqueous extract [44] | OVA-induced C57BL/6 mice | Oral | 3 μg/kg/2 d 9 d | GATA3/T-bet | Decreased the ratio of the GATA3/T-bet mRNA levels |
| Root | Astragaloside IV [37, 45–47] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 50, 150 mg/kg/d 4 w | GATA3/T-bet | Decreased the ratio of the GATA3/T-bet expression level |
| OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 50, 150 mg/kg/d 4 w | — | Increased IFN-γ level |
| OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 20, 40 mg/kg/d 4 w | Foxp3/RORγt | Increased CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and enhanced Foxp3 mRNA expression |
| OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 50 mg/kg/d 8 w | TGF-β1/Smad | (1) Reduced TGF-β1 expression |
| NF-κB | (2) Inhibited TSLP expression |
| NA | Aqueous extract [48] | OVA-induced SD rats | Oral | 5, 10 g/kg/d 4 w | Foxp3/RORγt | Increased CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and enhanced Foxp3+ mRNA expression |
| NA | Aqueous extract [49] | OVA-induced C57BL/6 mice | i.p. | 10 g/kg/d 4 w | — | Increased Th1/Th2 cytokines’ ratio |
| NA | Formononetin & calycosin [38] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 0.5 g/kg/2 d 4 w | NF-κB | Suppressed NF-κB activation |
|
| Astragali-Cordyceps | — | Astragali-Cordyceps suspensions [50] | OVA-induced C57BL/6 mice | Oral | 6.5 g/kg/d 4 w | TGF-β1/Smad | Reduced TGF-β1 and elevated Smad7 expression in lung tissue |
|
| Panax ginseng | Root | Aqueous extract [30] | OVA-induced C57BL/6 mice | i.p. | 20 mg/kg/d 3 d | MAPK | Inhibited CD40/CD40L ligation and MAPK signal pathway |
| Leaves | Purified aqueous extract (RG-II) [51] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | i.p. | 20, 100 mg/kg/d 3 d | GATA3/T-bet | Decreased the ratio of the GATA3/T-bet expression level |
| Root | Aqueous extract (CVT-E002) [52] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 200 mg/kg/d 7 d | Foxp3/RORγt | Increased Tregs function and IL-10 level in BALF |
| Root | Ginsan [53] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | i.p. | 100 mg/kg/2 d 4 w | AAMP | Upregulated COX-1 and COX-2 expression, leading to the increase of PGE2 in BALF |
|
| Saururus chinensis | Root | Saucerneol D [54] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 20, 40 mg/kg/d 3 d | Antioxidant | Upregulated the expression of HO-1 |
| Aerial parts | A subfraction of ethanol extract [55] | RAW264.7 cells derived from BALB/c mice | In vitro | 5, 50 μg /mL 2 h | Antioxidant | Upregulated the expression of HO-1 |
| Aerial parts | Sauchinone [55, 56] | RAW264.8 cells derived from BALB/c mice | In vitro | 2.5, 5, and 10 μg /mL 2 h | Antioxidant | Upregulated the expression of HO-1 |
| OVA-induced Balb/c mice | i.p. | 10, 100 mg/kg/2 d 5 d | GATA3/T-bet | Suppressed GATA-3 activity |
| Root | Meso-Dihydroguaiaretic acid [31] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 10, 30 mg/kg 2 w | NF-κB & MAPK | Inhibited Th2 inflammation via inhibiting NF-B and MAPK |
| Aerial parts | 70% ethanol extract [57] | Bone marrow-derived mast cells from Balb/c mice | In vitro | 0.8–50 μg /mL 30 min | AAMP | Inhibited LTC4 and PGD2 level |
|
| Sceptridium ternatum | NA | 70% ethanol extract [58] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 2, 10, and 20 g/kg/d 10 d | — | Elevated the ratio of Th1/Th2 |
| AAMP | Decreased the cysLT1 mRNA levels |
|
| Mentha | Aerial parts | Ethanol extract [59] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 100 mg/kg/d 6 d | — | (1) Inhibit increases in IgE, IL-4, and IL-5 in BALF and lung tissue |
| Antioxidant | (2) Reduced the levels of ROS in BALF |
|
| Psoralea | Fructus | Aqueous extract [10] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 10 g/kg/d 4 w | — | Inhibited the upregulation of IL-4 and IL-13 levels in BALF |
| Fructus | Psoralen [10] | ConA stimulated D10.G4.1 cells | In vitro | 0.08 mM 2 h | GATA3/T-bet | Suppressed the upregulation of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and GATA-3 protein expression |
| Fructus | Bavachinin [11] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 50 mg/kg/d 7 d | — | Suppressed IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in lung tissue and serum levels of IL-4, IgE |
| ConA, IL-2, IL-4 stimulated 4GET mice spleen cells | In vitro | 0.01 mM | GATA3/T-bet | Suppressed GATA-3 mRNA levels |
|
| Astilbe chinensis | NA | Astilbic acid [27] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 30 mg/kg/d 3 d | NF-κB | Suppressed NF-κB activation |
|
| Crocus sativus | Flower | Crocetin [60] | OVA-induced C57BL/6 mice | Intranasal | 3 μg /d 1 w | Foxp3/RORγt | Increased Foxp3 through TIPE2 to activate Tregs |
| Flower | Crocin [35] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 100 mg/kg/d 5 d | MAPK | Inhibited the expression of lung eotaxin, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 level |
| Flower | Safranal [61] (A review) | — | — | — | Relaxing ASM | Antihistamine and anticholinergic and 2-adrenoreceptors stimulation and Ca2+ signaling blocking |
|
| Artemisia annua | NA | Dihydroartemisinin [32] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 30 mg/kg/d 3 d | NF-κB & MAPK | Inhibited Th2 inflammation via inhibiting NF-B and MAPK |
| NA | Artesunate [62] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | i.p. | 30 mg/kg/d | Antioxidant | Suppressed prooxidants and restoring expression of antioxidants via activation of Nrf-2 |
|
| Artemisia iwayomogi | Leaves | Purified aqueous extract (AIP1) [63] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | i.p. | 5 mg/kg 6 times in 14 d | Dendritic cell | Reduced levels of MHC II in dendritic cells |
|
| Ligustrazine | NA | Ligustrazine [9] | OVA-induced C57BL/6 mice | i.p. | 80 mg/kg/d 3 d | GATA3/T-bet | (1) Decreased the ratio of the GATA3/T-bet expression level |
| Foxp3/RORγt | (2) Increased the ratio of Foxp3/RORγt |
|
| Anoectochilus formosanus | Whole | Aqueous extract [64] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | NA | 0.5, 1 g/kg/d 7 d | Foxp3/RORγt | Inhibited the decrease of Tregs in BALF |
|
| Petasites japonicus | NA | 80% ethanol extract [65] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 500 mg/kg/d 4 w | — | (1) Inhibit increases in OVA-specific IgE and IL-5 in BALF |
| Antioxidant | (2) Reduced the levels of ROS in BALF |
| Leaves | Bakkenolide B [66] | Rat RBL-2H3 mast cells & C57BL/6 mouse peritoneal macrophages | In vitro | 1–10 μg /mL 1 h | Mast cells | Inhibited degranulation in mast cells and suppressed iNOS in macrophages |
| Leaves | Petatewalide B [67] | In vitro | 10, 30 μg /mL 1 h |
|
| Cnidii monnieri | Fructus | Osthol [15] | IL-4/TNF-α induced BEAS-2B cells | In vitro | 1–10 μM 2 h | STAT6 | Suppressed IL-4-induced eotaxin expression via suppressing STAT6 activation |
|
| Magnoliae flos | Leaves | Fargesin and epimagnolin [34] | A549 human alveolar epithelial cells | In vitro | 3.1–100 μg /mL | MAPK | Modulated NO synthesis via inhibiting ERK in human respiratory epithelial cells |
|
| Phytolacca esculenta | NA | Esculentoside A (EsA) [68] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | i.p. | 15 mg/kg/d 4 d | Antioxidant | Reduced the levels of ROS in BALF |
| A549 human alveolar epithelial cells | In vitro | 10, 20 mg/L 6 h | Antioxidant | Nrf-2 activator. Upregulated the expression of HO-1 |
|
| Garlic | Oil | Diallyl-disulfide (DADS) [40] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 30 mg/kg/d 3 d | Antioxidant | (1) Reduced the levels of ROS in BALF |
| NF-κB | (2) Suppressed NF-κB activation |
| RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell | In vitro | 62.5–500 ng/mL 1 h | Antioxidant | Nrf-2 activator. Upregulated the expression of HO-1 |
|
| Sophora flavescens | NA | Trifolirhizin [69] | Tracheal rings of OVA-induced Balb/c mice | In vitro | 6 μg /mL | Relaxing ASM | Inhibiting acetylcholine mediated ASM contraction |
|
| Zingiber officinale | Root | 70% methanol extract [70] | Lung slices of Balb/c mice | In vitro | 0.3, 1 mg/mL | Relaxing ASM | Inhibiting acetylcholine mediated ASM contraction via blocking Ca2+ channels |
|
| Aralia cordata | Root | 7-Oxo-sandaracopimaric acid [71] | OVA-induced guinea pigs | Oral | 25–100 mg/kg 3 in 24 h | AAMP | Inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA2) eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity in BALF |
|
| Moringa oleifera Lam. | Seed | β-Sitosterol [72] | OVA-induced guinea pigs | Oral | 2.5 mg/kg/d 12 d | — | (1) Decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-5 in BALF and serum |
| Antihistamine | (2) Antihistamine |
|
| Soshiho-tang | — | Aqueous extract [73] | OVA-induced Balb/c mice | Oral | 100, 200 mg/kg/d 6 d | Antioxidant | Upregulated the expression of HO-1 |
|
| NA | NA | Eucalyptol (1.8-cineole) [74] | Monocytes from patients with asthma | In vitro | 200 mg/d 3 d | AAMP | Inhibit LTB4 and PGE2 |
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