Abstract
IL-18 has been found to be associated with eczema. However, little is known of the role of IL-18 binding protein (BP) and IL-18 receptor (R) in eczema. We therefore investigated the expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R on mast cells by using flow cytometry analysis and mouse eczema model. The results showed that plasma free IL-18 and free IL-18BP levels in eczema patients were higher than those in healthy controls. IL-18 provoked up to 3.1-fold increase in skin mast cells. IL-18 induced also an increase in IL-18BP+ mast cells, but a reduction of IL-18R+ mast cells in mouse eczema skin. It was found that house dust mite allergen Der p1 and egg allergen OVA induced upregulation of the expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R mRNAs in HMC-1 cells following 2 and 16 h incubation. In conclusion, correlation of IL-18 and IL-18BP in eczema plasma suggests an important balance between IL-18 and IL-18BP in eczema. The decrease in molar concentration ratio of plasma IL-18BP/IL-18 and allergen-induced upregulated expression of IL-18 and IL-18R in skin mast cells of the patients with eczema suggests that anti-IL-18 including IL-18BP therapy may be useful for the treatment of eczema.
1. Introduction
Eczema is a chronic condition of varying severity and may be the first manifestation of atopy [1]. It is associated with an immunoglobulin E- (IgE-) mediated response to food and allergens [2]. Although the pathogenesis of eczema remains obscure, the findings show that IL-18 in supernatants of PBMCs of patients with atopic eczema (AE) was significantly higher and that active IL-18 in sera of patients with AE was enhanced at the exacerbation of their disease [3] suggesting that IL-18 may play a role in eczema.
IL-18 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine involved in chronic inflammatory conditions such as cutaneous lupus erythematosus [4], psoriasis [5], and atopic dermatitis [6]. It is produced by skin resident dendritic cells [7] as well as by the most abundant cell type of upper skin layers, the keratinocytes [8], which is recognized as an important regulator of both innate [9] and acquired immunity [10].
The IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) is part of the IL-1R/TLR superfamily signaling via a MyD88-dependent pathway. A wide range of cells including Th1 cells [11], natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mast cells, and basophils express the IL-18R [12]. As for IL-18, IL-18R is also expressed in lesion skin of chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and cutaneous lupus erythematosus [13]. However, little is known of the expression of IL-18R in eczema.
IL-18 binding protein (BP) is an endogenous antagonist with high neutralising capacity that inhibits the action of IL-18 by preventing interaction with its cell surface receptors [14]. More precisely, it is noticed that a molar excess of 10 of IL-18BP over IL-18 is required to decrease a pathological level of 400 pg/ml of IL-18 to a level of a HC subject (40 pg/ml), and a molar excess of 20–25 of IL-18BP is needed to bring down free IL-18 to undetectable levels [15]. An imbalance between IL-18 and IL-18BP may account for increased IL-18 activity in eczema.
It is reported that increased number of mast cells was found in eczema skin [16], and the clinical severity of dermatitis correlated with the numbers of mast cells [17]. Mast cells generated from patients with atopic eczema have enhanced levels of granule mediators [18], and elevated levels of tryptase a mast cell unique product were observed in children with nummular eczema [19], indicating the involvement of mast cells in eczema. However, the expression levels of IL-18, its receptor IL-18R, and its antagonist IL-18BP in mast cells of eczema have not been investigated.
The aim of the current study is to investigate the correlation of IL-18 with IL-18BP in eczema, altered expression of IL-18, IL-18R, and IL-18BP in mast cells from eczema skin or cell line.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagent
The following reagents were purchased from Biolegend (San Diego, USA): BV421-conjugated mouse anti-human CD117, BV510-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal Ab, PE/Cy7-conjugated mouse anti-human CD34, PerCP/Cy5.5-conjugated mouse anti-human FcεRIα, PE-conjugated rat anti-mouse FcεRIα, PerCP/Cy5.5-conjugated rat anti-mouse CD117, Zombie Aqua™ Fixable Viability Kit, Zombie Green™ Fixable Viability Kit, human Fc receptor blocking solution, rat anti-mouse CD16/32, and all isotype antibodies. FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IL-18BP was from Cloud clone (Houston, USA). APC-conjugated mouse anti-human IL-18Rα, PE-conjugated mouse anti-human IL-18, and APC-conjugated rat anti-mouse IL-18R were supplied by R&D Systems (Minneapolis, USA). Rabbit anti-human IL-18BP, goat anti-mouse IL-18BP, and biotin-conjugated goat anti-mouse IL-18BP were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Group 1 house dust mite allergen Der p 1, calcium ionophore (CI), ovalbumin (OVA, grade V), trypan blue dye, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and DNase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Human IL-18BP and IL-18 ELISA kit were from ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company (CA, USA); Cytofix/Cytoperm™ Fixation/Permeabilization Kit was bought from BD Biosciences Pharmigen (Beldford, MA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone) and RPMI 1640 were from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Allergens for skin prick tests were supplied by ALK-Abelló, Inc. (Denmark). Most of the general purpose chemicals such as salts and buffer components were of analytical grade.
2.2. Subjects and Animals
A total of 31 patients with eczema and 15 healthy control (HC) subjects were recruited in the study. Their general characteristics were summarized in Table 1. The diagnosing criteria of eczema were conformed to the Schultz-Larsen criteria [20]. Skin tissues were obtained from children and adolescents with phimosis who were undergoing circumcision at the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, China. The suggested definition of phimosis from Dewan et al. [21] was adopted in this study. The informed consent from each volunteer according to the declaration of Helsinki and agreement with the ethical committee of the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region of PLA and with the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University was obtained.
Immediately after admission (acute exacerbation stage), the blood from each patient with eczema was collected. Blood from HCs were collected in the outpatient clinic. From each individual, 10 ml of peripheral blood was taken into an EDTA-containing tube before centrifugation at 450 for 10 min. The cells were used for flow cytometric analysis, and plasma was collected and frozen at −80°C until use.
BALB/c mice (4–6 w, 18–22 g) were obtained from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China), Certificate number 11400700118760. The animals were bred and reared under strict ethical conditions according to international recommendations. They were housed in the Animal Experimental Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University in a specific pathogen-free environment with free access to standard rodent chow and water, at a constant temperature 23–28°C and relative humidity of 60–75%. The animal experiment procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee at Jinzhou Medical University.
2.3. Mouse Eczema Model
Mouse eczema model was mainly adopted from a previous study by Jin et al. [22] with modest modification. Briefly, female mice were anesthetized with ether and then shaved with a razor blade before stimulating with a dermaroller (soaked in 1.0 mg/ml OVA solution before contacting skin) for 5 times per day, which mimicked eczema skin lesion inflicted by scratching. Each mouse received the treatment every other day for 3 weeks. For control experiments, healthy mice received NS only instead of OVA solution. One week after the last stimulation, 50 μl of 10 ng/ml of IL-18 or NS were injected subcutaneously around skin lesion area for 3 h before animals being sacrificed. Skin tissues of 3 × 3 cm2 around and far away from the injection site were removed for flow cytometric analysis.
2.4. Isolation of Tissue Cells and Flow Cytometric Analysis of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R Expression
The procedures for dispersing human and mouse skin tissue cells were mainly adopted from a previous study by He et al. [23]. Briefly, skin tissues were digested with collagenase, hyaluronidase, and DNase in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 5% (v/v) heat-inactivated FBS and 100 units/ml penicillin/streptomycin. After centrifugation, the cells were incubated with human Fc receptor blocking solution or anti-mouse CD16/32 and live/dead cell dyes (Zombie Aqua Fixable Viability Kit and Zombie Green Fixable Viability Kit for mouse [24] and human samples [25], resp.) for 15 min, for human samples, each labeled monoclonal antibody including PE/Cy7-conjugated anti-human CD34, PerCP/Cy5.5-conjugated anti-human FcεRIα, BV421-conjugated anti-human CD117, and APC-conjugated anti-human IL-18R were added into the tube; for mouse samples, PerCP/Cy5.5-conjugated anti-mouse CD117, PE-conjugated anti-mouse FcεRIα, and APC-conjugated anti-mouse IL-18R were added into the tube and incubated for another 15 min. After being washed with PBS, resuspended cells were fixed and permeabilized by using Cytofix/Cytoperm Fixation/Permeabilization Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and then PE-conjugated anti-human IL-18, BV510-conjugated anti-human IL-18BP, and FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IL-18BP were added for human and mouse sample, respectively. Finally, cells were washed with washing buffer and resuspended in fluorescence-activated cell sorting- (FACS-) flow solution and analyzed with FACS Verse flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). A total of 10,000 events in live cell gate were analyzed for each sample. Data were analyzed with FlowJo software version 7.0 (Treestar, Ashland, USA). Dead cells and doublets were excluded from analysis by live/dead cell dyes.
2.5. HMC-1 Cell Line Culture and Challenge
A human mast cell line, HMC-1, was a gift from Dr. Joseph H. Butterfield (Mayo Clinic, MN, USA). Cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS and 100 units/ml penicillin/streptomycin in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks (Falcon) at 37°C in a 5% (v/v) CO2, water-saturated atmosphere.
The procedure for challenging HMC-1 cells was mainly adopted from a method previously described by He et al. for P815 cells [26]. Briefly, cultured HMC-1 cells at a density of 1 × 106 cells/ml were incubated with Der p1 and OVA (both with concentrations of 0.03, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 μg/ml) for 30 min, 2 h and 16 h at 37°C, respectively, before being centrifuged at 450 ×g for 10 min at 4°C. Cell pellets containing approximately 1 × 106 cells were resuspended in trizol for RT-PCR, and supernatant was collected and frozen at −80°C. The challenge tests were repeated 4 times.
2.6. RNA Isolation and qPCR Analysis
Total RNA was extracted from HMC-1 as described previously [27]. Briefly, after synthesizing cDNA from total RNA by using RT Master Mix Perfect Real Time, qPCR was performed with SYBR Premix Ex TaqII Kit on the ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System (Perkin Elmer Applied Systems, Foster City, CA, USA). Each reaction contains 12.5 μl of 2x SYBR green Master Mix, 300 nM oligonucleotide primers, and 10 μl of the cDNA or plasmid DNA. Untreated controls were chosen as the reference samples, and the ΔCt for all experimental samples were subtracted by the ΔCt for the control samples (ΔΔCt). The magnitude change of test gene mRNA was expressed as 2−ΔΔCt. Each measurement of a sample was conducted in duplicate.
2.7. Determination of Levels of IL-18 and IL-18BP in Human Plasma and Culture Supernatant and Calculation of Molar Concentration Ratio of Plasma IL-18BP/IL-18
Levels of total IL-18 and IL-18BP in human plasma were detected by using ELISA kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The calculation of free IL-18 and IL-18BP was based on a 1 : 1 stoichiometry in the complex of IL-18 and IL-18BPa with a dissociation constant (KD) of 0.4 nM [28]. The formula for calculation of molar concentration is that molar mass concentration divided by the relative molecular mass. The molar concentration ratio of plasma IL-18BP/IL-18 equals the molar concentration of free IL-18BP divided by the molar concentration of free IL-18.
2.8. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS software (Version 17.0, IBM Corporation). Plasma levels of IL-18 and IL-18BP are presented as scatter plot. Data for the expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R in mast cells are displayed as a boxplot, which indicates the median, interquartile range, and the largest and smallest values for the number of experiments indicated. Where Kruskal-Wallis analysis indicated significant differences between groups, for the preplanned comparisons of interest, the paired Mann–Whitney U test was employed. Data for HMC-1 cell challenge study were expressed as mean ± SEM. Where analysis of variance indicated significant differences between groups with ANOVA, Student’s t-test was applied. Correlations were determined by using Spearman rank correlation. For all analyses, was taken as significant.
3. Results
3.1. Elevated Levels of IL-18 and IL-18BP in Eczema Plasma
It was observed previously that IL-18 in supernatants of PBMCs of patients with AE was significantly higher and that active IL-18 in sera of patients with AE was enhanced at the exacerbation of their disease [3]. However, the plasma/serum level of IL-18BP in eczema and correlation between IL-18 and IL-18BP have not been investigated. Using ELISA kits, we observed that levels of total IL-18 (Figure 1(a)), total IL-18BP (Figure 1(b)), calculated free IL-18 (Figure 1(c)), and calculated free IL-18BP (Figure 1(d)) in the plasma of patients with eczema were elevated in comparison with HC subjects. The top 3 highest levels of total IL-18 in patients with eczema were 30.3, 35.8, and 40.0 pM (Figure 1(a)), and the corresponding levels of total IL-18BP were 182.2, 185.5, and 199.6 pM (Figure 1(b)), respectively. The top 3 highest levels of free IL-18 in patients were 21.2, 25.0, and 27.2 pM (Figure 1(c)), and the corresponding levels of free IL-18BP were 173.0, 174.6, and 186.9 pM (Figure 1(d)), respectively. Molar concentration ratios of IL-18BP/IL-18 were 17.3 (11.2–23.0) and 9.93 (6.9–33.7) in plasma of HC subjects and patient with eczema, respectively (Figure 1(e)). It was observed that IL-18 and IL-18BP was correlated well with each other in the plasma of patients with eczema and HC subjects (Figure 1(f)).
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3.2. Flow Cytometry Analysis of the Expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R in Human Skin Mast Cells
It is reported that increased number of mast cells was found in eczema skin [16], and mast cells generated from patients with atopic eczema have enhanced levels of granule mediators [18]. However, little is known of the expression levels of IL-18, IL-18R, and IL-18BP in mast cells. Using flow cytometry technique, we investigated the expression of IL-18, IL-18R, and IL-18BP in dermal mast cells. The results showed that approximately 0.32, 0.8, and 1.1% skin mast cells express IL-18 (Figures 2(d) and 2(j)), IL-18 BP (Figures 2(e) and 2(k)), and IL-18R (Figures 2(f) and 2(l)), respectively, in normal human foreskin.
3.3. Increased Number of Mast Cells in Eczema Skin of Mice
In order to investigate role of mast cells in eczema, we developed a mouse eczema skin model. The results showed that mast cell numbers in inflamed area of mouse eczema skin (Figure 3(f)) were markedly greater than that in uninflamed area (Figure 3(d)) and in skin of healthy mice (Figure 3(b)). IL-18 at 10 ng/ml provoked 3.1 and 1.5-fold increase in skin mast cells of healthy mice and uninflamed area of eczema mice (Figure 3(h)).
3.4. Induction of Increased Number of IL-18BP+ Mast Cells in Eczema Skin of Mice by IL-18
IL-18 BP is an endogenous antagonist with high neutralising capacity that inhibits the action of IL-18 by preventing interaction with its cell surface receptors [14]. An imbalance between IL-18 and IL-18BP may account for increased IL-18 activity in eczema. In order to understand the relationship between IL-18BP and mast cells, we examined the expression of IL-18BP in mast cells. The result showed that more than 40% mouse skin mast cells expressed IL-18BP regardless of allergen sensitization. IL-18 provocation increased percentage of IL-18BP+ mast cells in both inflamed (Figure 4(g)) and uninflamed skin areas (Figure 4(e)) of mouse eczema skin (Figure 4(h)) by 38.2% and 26.2% in comparison with that in healthy skin of mice (Figure 4(c)).
3.5. Induction of Decreased Number of IL-18R+ Mast Cells in Uninflamed Skin of Mice by IL-18
It has been noticed that mast cells express IL-18R [12]. However, little is known of the expression of IL-18R in eczema and influence of IL-18 on IL-18R expression on mast cells. To further evaluate the role of IL-18R in eczema, we examined the effect of IL-18 on IL-18R expression on mast cells of eczema mice. The results showed that IL-18 reduced the number of IL-18R+ mast cells in the skin of healthy mice (Figure 5(c)) and in uninflamed skin area of eczema mice (Figure 5(e)) by approximately 45.6% and 44.1%, respectively (Figure 5(h)).
3.6. Induction of Upregulated Expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R mRNA in HMC-1 Cells by Allergens
It was reported that house dust mite allergen Der p1 [29] and egg allergen OVA [30] are associated with the development of eczema. It is possible that these two allergens act on mast cells. We therefore examined the potential influence of Der p1 and OVA on the expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R mRNA in HMC-1 cells. It was found that Der p1 and OVA induced up to 84.9 and 38.7% increase in the expression of IL-18 mRNA over baseline control, respectively, at 16 h following incubation (Figure 6(a)). Similarly, Der p1 and OVA induced up to 1.7 and 1.6-fold increase in the expression of IL-18BP mRNA over baseline control, respectively, at 16 h following incubation (Figure 6(b)). Der p1 and OVA induced also up to 4.5 and 0.6-fold increase in the expression of IL-18R mRNA over baseline control, respectively, at 2 h following incubation (Figure 6(c)).
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4. Discussion
We have demonstrated that levels of IL-18 and IL-18BP were elevated in the plasma of patients with eczema. We also found for the first time that the level of IL-18 correlated well with the level of IL-18BP in the plasma. Since active sera IL-18 was enhanced at the exacerbation of AE [3], IL-18 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine involved in several chronic skin inflammatory diseases [4–6], and IL-18BP is an endogenous antagonist with high neutralising capacity against IL-18 [14]; our finding emphasizes further the importance of IL-18 and balance between IL-18 and IL-18BP in the pathogenesis of eczema. Some previous reports demonstrated the importance of the balance between IL-18 and IL-18BP in inflammatory bowel disease [31], in rheumatoid arthritis [32], and in systemic lupus erythematosus [33] which may help to understand our finding that plasma level IL-18 correlated well with IL-18BP level in eczema.
IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 family and known to have potent proinflammatory effects by initiating an inflammatory cytokine cascade [34, 35]. It provoked the upregulation of the expression of MHC II molecules, production of chemokine CXCL10/IP-10 from keratinocytes [13], production of IL-4 and IL-13 by CD4+ T cells [36] and basophils [37], and production of IgE [38]. It has been noticed that IL-18 contributes to the spontaneous development of atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin lesion [39] and skews, the invariant NKT-cell population via autoreactive activation in AE [40]. These observations implicate that IL-18 may contribute to the development of eczema.
Although unlike in rheumatoid arthritis, that the expression of IL-18BP was decreased [32], it is observed that both plasma levels of IL-18 and IL-18BP in eczema were increased. Therefore, a molar concentration ratio of free plasma IL-18BP/IL-18 appears to be a key factor to determine the role of IL-18 in eczema. Indeed, it is reported that a molar excess of 10 of IL-18BP over IL-18 is required to decrease a pathological level of 400 pg/ml of IL-18 to a level of a HC subject (40 pg/ml) [15]. Since the current experiment demonstrated that the molar concentration ratio of free plasma IL-18BP/IL-18 was 9.93 in the patient with eczema, it seems likely not enough IL-18BP to inhibit proinflammatory actions of IL-18 in eczema. Therefore, the anti-IL-18 therapy may be useful for the treatment of eczema.
It is reported that increased number of mast cells in the lesion skin of eczema [41] correlated with the clinical severity of dermatitis in eczema skin, and mast cells generated from patients with atopic eczema have enhanced levels of granule mediators [18], indicating the involvement of mast cells in eczema. In order to determine the potential sources of IL-18 and IL-18BP, we examined the expression levels of IL-18, its receptor IL-18R, and its antagonist IL-18BP in human skin mast cells. The results showed that only small proportions of mast cells express IL-18 and IL-18BP. Considering mast cells only consist of approximately 4% dispersed skin cells [42], small proportions of IL-18+ and IL-18BP+ mast cells are hardly a major source of IL-18 and IL-18BP. Many other cell types including keratinocytes and dermal macrophages and dendritic cells are capable of producing IL-18 [43]; human keratinocytes and fibroblasts can secrete IL-18BP [44].
On the other hand, large proportion of mouse mast cells expresses IL-18BP regardless of allergen sensitization, indicating the marked difference of IL-18BP expression between the two species. Although it is not significant, eczema skin mast cells seem to produce less IL-18BP than HC skin mast cells, which supports the view that IL-18 play a role in eczema via reduced IL-18BP production in the body. Nevertheless, the ability of IL-18 in provocation of increased IL-18BP+ mast cells in both inflamed and uninflamed areas of mouse eczema skin suggests that enhanced plasma level of IL-18BP in eczema may be partially released from mast cells induced by IL-18. However, IL-18 seems to downregulate the expression of IL-18R on mouse mast cells from uninflamed tissue, suggesting that IL-18-induced elevation of IL-18BP+ mast cells may not be via IL-18R. It could result from an indirect mechanism such as through an interferon gamma- (IFN-γ-) dependent pathway, which IL-18 provokes an abundant IFN-γ release from human NK cells [45], released IFN-γ, and then induces IL-18BP [46, 47] release from mast cells through IFN-γ receptor expressing on mast cells [48]. Obviously, more work is required to address these issues. Induction of the upregulated expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R on human mast cells by Der p1 and OVA suggests the possibility that allergens may cause or aggravate eczema through an IL-18-associated mechanism.
In conclusion, the correlation of IL-18 and IL-18BP in eczema plasma suggests an important balance between IL-18 and IL-18BP in eczema. The decrease in molar concentration ratio of plasma IL-18BP/IL-18 and allergen-induced upregulated expression of IL-18 and IL-18R in skin mast cells of the patients with eczema suggests that anti-IL-18 including IL-18BP therapy may be useful for the treatment of eczema.
Abbreviations
| IL: | Interleukin |
| IL-18R: | IL-18 receptor |
| IL-18BP: | IL-18 binding protein |
| MFI: | Mean fluorescence intensity |
| PBMCs: | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
| TLR: | Toll-like receptor |
| HC: | Healthy control |
| AE: | Atopic eczema |
| CI: | Calcium ionophore. |
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no competing interest regarding the publication of this article.
Authors’ Contributions
Yalin Hu, Junling Wang, and Huiyun Zhang contributed equally to the study.
Acknowledgments
This project was sponsored by the grants from the “12th Five-Year” National Science and Technology Support Plan (2014BAI07B02); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 81172836, 81471592, and 81472016); the Project of Scientific Research Special Fund for Public Industry in Forestry (201304103); the Major Science and Technology Platform for Institution of Higher Education in Liaoning Province (2014168); the “Twelfth five-year” Public Welfare Industry Special Scientific Research Project (2015SQ00136); the Program for Liaoning Innovation Research Team in University (LNIRT, LT2013017); the Climbing Scholar Project for Institution of Higher Education in Liaoning Province (2013222); the Allergic Disease Translational Medicine Research Center of Liaoning Province (2015225016); the Liaoning Provincial Engineering Research Center for Diagnosing & Treating Inflammatory Disease (20141093); the Clinical Capability Construction Project for Liaoning Provincial Hospitals (LNCCC-A06-2014, LNCCC-D26-2015); and the National Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2014022027, 2014022019, and 201601358).