|
Brain ischemia |
Model | Drug class | Molecule | Effect | Reference |
|
Transient MCAO in gerbils | 5-LOX inhibitor | AA-861 | ↓ neuronal death | [70, 71] |
Transient MCAO in rats | 5-LOX inhibitor | Minocycline | ↓ ischemic injuries, IgG exudation, and neutrophils and macrophage/microglia accumulation | [83] |
Permanent MCAO in rats | FLAP inhibitor | MK-886 | ↓ acute infarct size | [72] |
Permanent MCAO in rats | 5-LOX inhibitor | Zileuton | ↓ edema, infarct volume, neurological deficits, MPO activity, lipid peroxidation levels, inflammatory reaction, and apoptosis | [73–75] |
OGD in rats astrocytes | FLAP inhibitor | MK-886 | ↓ astrocyte proliferation and death | [29] |
OGD in rats astrocytes | 5-LOX inhibitor | Zileuton | ↓ astrocyte proliferation and death | [29] |
OGD in rats astrocytes | 5-LOX inhibitor | Caffeic acid | ↓ astrocyte proliferation and death | [29] |
Transient MCAO in rats and mice | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Pranlukast | ↓ neurological deficits, infarct volume, BBB disruption, neuron loss in the ischemic core, astrocyte proliferation in the boundary zone, and ischemia-induced glial scar formation ↑ motor-sensory recovery | [15, 65, 68, 78] |
Permanent MCAO in rats and mice | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Pranlukast | ↓ neurological deficits, infarct volume, edema, BBB disruption, neuron degeneration, and MPO-positive neutrophil accumulation | [49] |
Transient MCAO in rats and mice | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ infarct size, brain atrophy, neuron loss, behavioural dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, release of glutamate, apoptosis, and lactate dehydrogenase activity | [80, 81] |
Permanent MCAO in rats and mice | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ infarct volume, brain edema, neuron density, and neurological deficits | [6, 79] |
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ ischemic cerebral and nerve damage ↑ behavior recovery of chronic ischemic brain damage | [82] |
OGD in rats astrocytes | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ astrocyte proliferation | [29] |
Transient MCAO in rats | CysLTR-2 antagonist | HAMI 3379 | ↓ neurological deficits, lesion volume, edema, and neuronal degeneration and loss | [50, 69] |
OGD in PC12 cell | CysLTR-1/CysLTR-2 dual antagonist | Bay-u9773 | ↓ apoptosis | [62] |
OGD in rats astrocytes | CysLTR-2 antagonist | Bay CysLT2 | ↓ astrocyte death | [29] |
OGD in rats astrocytes | CysLTR-1/CysLTR-2 dual antagonist | Bay-u9773 | ↓ astrocyte proliferation and death | [29] |
|
Alzheimer’s disease |
Model | Drug class | Molecule | Effect | Reference |
|
Tg2576 mice | FLAP inhibitor | MK-591 | ↓ Aβ peptide (Aβ) deposition, γ-secretase complex, neuroinflammation, and microglia and astrocytes activation | [120] |
N2A-APPswe cells | FLAP inhibitor | MK-591 | ↓ Aβ peptide (Aβ) deposition, γ-secretase complex | [120] |
Tg2576 mice | 5-LOX inhibitor | Zileuton | ↓ Aβ peptide (Aβ) deposition, γ-secretase complex | [121] |
N2A-APPswe cells | 5-LOX inhibitor | Zileuton | ↓ Aβ peptide (Aβ) deposition, γ-secretase complex | [121] |
3xTg mice | FLAP inhibitor | MK-591 | ↓ Aβ peptide (Aβ) deposition, behavioural deficits, neuroinflammation, and microglia and astrocytes activation | [127] |
Tg2576 mice | FLAP inhibitor | MK-591 | ↓ brain tau phosphorylation | [128] |
Rat hippocampal neurons treated with Aβ1–42 | 5-LOX inhibitors | NDGA, AA-861 | Prevention of neuronal injury and accumulation of ROS | [129] |
Microinfusion of Aβ1–42 | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | Improvement of memory impairment via inhibiting neuroinflammation and apoptosis | [125] |
Mouse cortical neurons treated with Aβ1–42 | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Pranlukast | Reverse Aβ1–42-induced cognitive deficit and AD features | [130] |
Microinfusion of Aβ1–42 | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Pranlukast | ↓ apoptosis | [130] |
Mouse neurons treated with Aβ1–42 | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ proinflammatory factors and the apoptosis-related proteins | [131] |
Microinfusion of Aβ1–42 | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Pranlukast | Improvement of memory impairment via inhibiting neuroinflammation and apoptosis | [132] |
|
Parkinson’s disease |
Model | Drug class | Molecule | Effect | Reference |
|
MPTP-treated mice | FLAP inhibitor | MK-866 | ↓ toxicity of dopaminergic neurons; ↑ [3H]-dopamine up-take | [137] |
MPP+ treated SH-SY5Y cell line | FLAP inhibitor | MK-866 | ↓ toxicity of dopaminergic neurons ↑ [3H]-dopamine uptake and cell survival | [137] |
LPS-treated mice | 5-LOX/COX inhibitor | Phenidone | ↓ oxidative stress, microglial activation, and demise of the nigral dopaminergic neurons | [139] |
LPS-treated mice | 5-LOX inhibitor | Caffeic acid | ↓ dopaminergic neurodegeneration and microglia activation | [139] |
|
Multiple sclerosis/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis |
Model | Drug class | Molecule | Effect | Reference |
|
PLP-induced EAE mice | 5-LOX inhibitor | Zileuton | Delay of the onset and reduction of cumulative EAE severity | [152] |
MOG-induced EAE mice | 5-LOX inhibitor | Zileuton | Delay of the onset and reduction of cumulative EAE severity | [153] |
Cuprizone-treated mice | FLAP inhibitor | MK-886 | ↓ axonal damage, motor deficits, and neuroinflammation | [149] |
MOG-induced EAE mice | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Zafirlukast | ↓ CNS infiltration of inflammatory cells and symptoms of EAE | [148] |
MOG-induced EAE mice | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ demyelination, leukocyte infiltration, secretion of IL-17, permeability of the BBB, chemotaxis of T cells, and severity of EAE | [148] |
MOG-induced EAE mice | Dual inhibitor of LOX/COX pathway | Flavocoxid | ↓ CNS infiltration of inflammatory cells, infiltration and differentiation of Th1+ and Th17+ cells, and symptoms of EAE | [154] |
|
Epilepsy |
Model | Drug class | Molecule | Effect | Reference |
|
Kainic acid rat model | 5-LOX/COX inhibitor | Phenidone | ↓ seizure activity, neurotoxic signs, neuronal loss, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation | [160, 166] |
Kainic acid rat model | 5-LOX/COX inhibitor | BW755C | ↓ severity of seizures and neurotoxicity | [167] |
Pilocarpine rat model | 5-LOX inhibitor | Zileuton | ↓ spike–wave discharges | [168] |
PTZ-mice model | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ recurrent seizures, frequency of daily seizures, BBB disruption, leukocyte migration, and mean amplitude of EEG recordings during seizures. ↑ increased the latency to generalized seizures | [162, 163] |
PTZ-mice model | γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor | 1,2,3,4, Tetrahydroisoquinoline | ↓ kindled seizures and frequency of daily seizures | [162] |
Pilocarpine mice model | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ kindled seizures and frequency of daily seizures | [162] |
Pilocarpine mice model | γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor | 1,2,3,4, Tetrahydroisoquinoline | ↓ recurrent seizures and frequency of daily seizures | [162] |
Electrically kindled seizure mice | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Montelukast | ↓ recurrent seizures and frequency of daily seizures | [162] |
Electrically kindled seizure mice | γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor | 1,2,3,4, Tetrahydroisoquinoline | ↓ recurrent seizures and frequency of daily seizures | [162] |
PTZ-mice model | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Pranlukast | ↓ seizure susceptibility and mean amplitude of ictal EEG recordings | [163] |
PTZ-mice model | CysLTR-1/CysLTR-2 dual antagonist | Bay- u9773 | ↑ increased the latency to generalized seizures ↓ mean amplitude of EEG recordings during seizures | [163] |
Patients with intractable partial seizures | CysLTR-1 antagonist | Pranlukast | ↓ seizure frequencies, leakage of proinflammatory cytokines into CNS, and extravasation of leucocytes, normalizing serum MMP-9 | [22] |
|