15-Deoxy-Δ^12,14-prostaglandin J₂ Exerts Antioxidant Effects While Exacerbating Inflammation in Mice Subjected to Ureteral Obstruction

Figure 5

Potential mechanisms involved in the antioxidant and proinflammatory actions of 15d-PGJ₂. Ureteral obstruction induces oxidative stress and inflammation. We observed that 15d-PGJ₂ prevents the increase in oxidative stress, probably through activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 and its downstream target HO-1. PPARγ has previously been shown to activate Nrf2 and might therefore be involved in oxidative protection. 15d-PGJ₂ was shown to exacerbate inflammation through the activation of NF-κB and its downstream targets MCP-1 and TNF-α as well as via macrophage infiltration (F4/80). CRTH2 has been shown to activate the inflammatory response and might be involved in the 15d-PGJ₂-mediated activation of NF-κB.