|
| Gene | Encodes | Biological role | References |
|
| PbCDC42 | Rho GTPase | (i) Coordination of cell growth/morphogenesis of
yeast cells, promoting an enhanced ability
to evade the host immune system. | [45] |
|
| PbHAD32 | Hydrolase | (i) Adhesin involved in initial attachment of the infectious
particles to the lungs. | [80, 81] |
|
| PbAOX | Oxidase part of the electron transport
chain in mitochondria | (i) Essential during the establishment of the fungal infection,
possibly by assisting redox balancing during cell growth
and the morphological switch. | [151, 152, 154] |
|
| PbHSP90 | Molecular chaperone | (i) Binds and stabilizes calcineurin thus controlling the
cell differentiation. | [29–31] |
(ii) Essential upon thermo-dependent response and
oxidative injury promoting fungal adaptation to the host. |
|
| PbGP43 | Cell-surface component | (i) Adhesin that inhibits the phagocytic and fungicidal
capacity of macrophages, through binding to mannose
receptors and inducing IL-18 production. | [73, 76, 106, 107] |
| (ii) Ability to reduce nitric oxide levels. |
(iii) Adherence receptor in the internalization of the yeast
into the host cell altering its cytoskeleton structure. |
| (iv) Modulation of host cells apoptosis. |
|
| PbP27 | Protein mainly localized in cytoplasm
and cell wall of yeast cells | (i) Involved in the yeast cellular morphological and
glucose metabolism. | [173] |
| (ii) Possible role in promoting latency in the host. |
|
| PbRbt5 | Surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-
(GPI-) anchored protein | (i) Hemoglobin uptake as an iron source for
intracellular survival. | [158] |
| (ii) Potential virulence factor. |
|
| PbCCP | Cytochrome c oxidase | (i) Avoids cell damage caused by nitrosative and oxidative stress. | [148, 150] |
| (ii) Promote fungal survival within macrophages. |
| (iii) Potential virulence factor. |
|
| PbSOD1 | Cytosolic superoxide dismutase | (i) Defense against endogenous-produced ROS. | [155] |
|
| PbSOD3 | Extracellular superoxide dismutase | (i) Pronounced extracellular activity involved in combating
superoxide radicals generated during the
host-pathogen interaction. | [155] |
| (ii) Potential virulence factor. |
|
| Pb14-3-3 | 30 kDa protein | (i) Adhesin able to bind laminin. | [105–107] |
(ii) Critical role in attachment/infection to host components
and fungal virulence. |
(iii) Involved in the morphological switching, ergosterol
biosynthesis, and modulating apoptosis of host phagocytic
and epithelial cells. |
|
| PbSCONC | Member of the Toll-like receptor family
encoding a negative regulator of the
inorganic sulfur assimilation pathway | (i) Dimorphism regulator by modulating the inorganic
sulfur metabolism and influencing virulence. | [174] |
| (ii) Novel virulence determinant. |
|
| PbCATA | Catalases | (i) Major role in endogenous ROS homeostasis in
Paracoccidioides cells. | [156] |
| PbCATB |
|
| PbCATP | Catalases | (i) Mainly triggered in the presence of exogenous ROS and
highly relevant for fungal virulence. | [156] |
|
