All-Trans Retinoic Acid Modulates TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Targeting TNF-α and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Expression in Colonic Mucosa during Ulcerative Colitis and Colitis Associated Cancer

Figure 2

Messenger-RNA (mRNA) transcripts of TNF-α, TNFR (p55, p75), and iNOS were quantitated in colonic mucosa of patients with UC and CAC. Expression was normalized against β-actin and GAPDH housekeeping gene, and relative expression was represented data as fold differences by the method, where ΔCt = Ct target gene − Ct MG and ΔΔCt = ΔCt inflamed colonic mucosa normal colonic mucosa. Fold changes were calculated using the comparative Ct method. Data represent mean ± standard deviation. Significant difference between the two groups of patients (UC/CAC) is indicated (). ns, no significant difference, (UC, ulcerative colitis, ; CAC, colitis associated cancer, ; C, control, ).