Maresins: Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators and Their Potential Role in Inflammatory-Related Diseases

Table 1

Classification and structure of maresins.

Designation	Chemical structures	Key enzyme	Bioactions and function
Maresin 1	7R,14S-Dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,8E,10E,12Z,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid [18]	12-Lipoxygenase, epoxide hydrolysis [49]	Limits PMN infiltration [50]; enhances macrophage phagocytosis and efferocytosis [51]; shortens resolution interval and suppresses oxidative stress [52]; counterregulates proinflammatory chemical mediators [53]; controls pain and enhances tissue regeneration [47]
Maresin 2	13R,14S-Dihydroxy-4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid [54]	12-Lipoxygenase, soluble epoxide hydrolase [54]	Limits PMN infiltration; enhances macrophage phagocytosis [54, 55]
MCTR1	13R-Glutathionyl,14S-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,9E,11E,13R,14S,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid [16]	12-Lipoxygenase, leukotriene C4 synthase, and glutathione S-transferase MU 4 [53, 56]	Stimulates tissue regeneration and reduces neutrophil infiltration: MCTR3 ≈ MCTR2 > MCTR1; Shortens resolution interval (Ri) : MCTR2 > MCTR3 > MCTR1; Regulates local eicosanoids during infections: MCTR1 > MCTR3 > MCTR2; Enhances macrophage phagocytosis: MCTR3 > MCTR1 > MCTR2 [9, 17, 56]
MCTR2	13R-Cysteinylglycinyl,14S-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,9E,11E,13R,14S,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid [56]	12-Lipoxygenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase [53, 56]
MCTR3	13R-Cysteinyl,14S-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,9E,11E,13R,14S,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid [17]	12-Lipoxygenase, dipeptidase [53, 56]