Bisdemethoxycurcumin and Its Cyclized Pyrazole Analogue Differentially Disrupt Lipopolysaccharide Signalling in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Figure 4

(a) IκB-α immunodetection in CSF-1-driven macrophages. Total protein extracts from resting, LPS-stimulated M1, and test agent-pretreated M1 macrophages were assayed after 30 min LPS incubation. GAPDH served as loading control. Bars represent the mean (±SEM) of 4 independent experiments. Results from representative immunoblots are shown. versus resting; ; and versus LPS. (b–g) Cells were pretreated with curcumin, GG6, GG9, and CLI-095 before stimulation with LPS, and then processed for NF-κB p65 immunostaining. Representative confocal images showing subcellular localization of p65 in unstimulated and LPS-stimulated macrophages are shown in (b) and (c), respectively. Treatment with curcumin, GG6, GG9, and CLI-095 are shown in (d–g), respectively. Arrows indicate representative cells with attenuated p65 staining. Scale bar: 10 μm; magnification: 63x.