Characterization of Site-Specific Phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in Retinal Cells in Response to High Glucose and Cytokine Polarization

Table 2

Summarization of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation sites.

NF-κB p65 phosphorylation sites	Main functions	HREC			Müller cells
		HG	HG + IL-1β or TNF-α	HG + IL-4	HG	HG + IL-1β or TNF-α	HG + IL-4
Thr-254	p65 transactivation [69]	↑	↑↑↑	↓	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↓↓
Ser-276	CBP recruitment, system inflammation [33, 44]; Translocation of p65 [43]	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	None	None	None	↓↓↓
Ser-281	Translocation of p65 [43]	None	↑↑	↓	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↓↓↓
Ser-311	IL-6 transcription and CBP recruitment [37]	None	↑↑↑	↓	↑	↑↑↑	None
Ser-468	ICAM-1, VCAM-1 transcription [45]	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	None	↑	↑↑↑	↓
Ser-529	Translocation of p65 [36]	↑	↑↑↑	None	None	↑↑↑	None
Ser-536	ICAM-1, IL-8 transcription [42]; CBP recruitment [41]; translocation of p65 [39]	None	↑↑↑	None	None	↑↑↑	↑
Thr-435	p65 transactivation [70]	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↓	↑↑	↑↑↑	↓↓↓

↑/↓, ↑↑/↓↓, and ↑↑↑/↓↓↓ indicate , 0.01, and 0.0001, respectively, versus normal-glucose/high-glucose controls. None indicates no changes were observed. Results were derived from the peak change observed among the different time points examined.