Beneficial or Harmful Role of Macrophages in Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis

Table 1

Macrophages polarize into M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes.

	M1	M2a	M2b	M2c
Stimuli	LPS; IFN-γ; TNF-α; IL-1β; TLR ligands	IL-4; IL-13	IC; LPS	IL-10
Cytokines	IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23; IL-1β; TNF-α	IL-10; IL-Rα	IL-10	IL-10; TGF-β
Chemokines	CXCL8-11; CCL2-5; CCL18; CXCL1-3; CXCL6	CCL17;CCL18; CCL22; CCL24	CCL1	CCL16; CCL18
Gene expression	MHC-II; CD40; CD80; CD86; iNOS; IL-12^high IL-10^low	Arg-1; CD163; CD206	MHC-II; CD86; IL-10^high IL-12^low	Arg-1; SLAM
Function	Th1 response; Microbicidal activity; Tumoricidal activity; Antigen presentation; NO; ROI	Th2 response; Allergy; Parasitic infection	Th2 response; Recruitment of Treg cell immunoregulation	Recruitment of naïve T cells; Immunoregulation; Tissue repair

IFN-γ: interferon-γ; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MHC-II: major histocompatibility complex II; IC: immune complexes; NO: nitric oxide; ROI: reactive oxygen intermediates; TGF: transforming growth factor; TLR: toll-like receptor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis receptor-α; Arg-1: arginase-1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL: interleukins; SLAM: signaling lymphocytic activation molecule.