Applicability of Plant Extracts in Preclinical Studies of Melanoma: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Secondary metabolites, global effects, and ethnodirected indication for malignant tumors of the studies using plant extracts for the treatment of melanoma in murine models.

Author/year	Plant species	Native/exotic	Main secondary metabolites	Global effects	Ethnodirected indication for malignant tumors
Kato et al., 1998 [19]	Bupleurum chinense, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, Panax ginseng, Ziziphus jujuba, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Zingiber officinale	Native	Glycyrrhizin and ginsenoside (saponins), liquiritin (flavonoid), xanthones, terpenes, paeoniflorin, polysaccharides, and ferulic acid	Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Xiaoguang et al., 1998 [20]	Panax ginseng	Native	Baicalin and baicalein (flavonoids), glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin, and ginsenoside (saponins)	↓ disordered replication; Proapoptotic activity; ↓ tissue invasion and metastasis	Yes
Dai et al., 2001 [21]	Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Polygalae tenuifolia, Cinnamomum verum, Rehmannia glutinosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Cnidium officinale, Atractylodes lancea, Angelica sinensis, and Poria cocos	Native	Ginsenoside (saponins) and polysaccharides	Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Nam et al., 2003 [22]	Ephedra sinica	Native	Flavonoids and limonoids (terpenes)	Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Baral and Chattopadhyay, 2004 [23]	Azadirachta indica	Native	Ephedrine (alkaloid)	Antiangiogenic and antiinvasive activities	Yes
Leyon and Kuttan, 2004 [24]	Tinospora cordifolia	Native	Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, polysaccharides, terpenes, and phenolic compounds	Antiangiogenic activity; Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Yoo et al., 2004 [25]	Cordyceps militaris	Native	Nucleosides, polysaccharides, sterols, proteins, amino acids, and polypeptides	Antiangiogenic activity	Yes
Duong Von Huyen et al., 2006 [26]	Viscum album	Native	Lectins, phytotoxins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids	Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Jiménez-Medina et al., 2006 [27]	Calendula officinalis	Native	Flavonoids, carotenoids, triterpenes, and saponins	Cell cycle arrest; Proapoptotic activity	No
Sheeja et al., 2006 [28]	Andrographis paniculata	Native	Polyphenols, alkaloids, piperine, and rutin	Antiangiogenic activity; Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Sunila and Kutan, 2006 [29]	Piper longum Linn	Native	Flavonoids, terpenes (andrographolides), and phenylpropanoids	Antiangiogenic activity; Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Xu et al., 2006 [30]	Semen persicae, Carthamus tinctorius, Rehmannia glutinosa, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Paeonia lactiflora, and Angelica sinensis	Native	Licopen (carotenoid), flavonoids, and terpenes	Antioxidant activity	No
Agrawal et al., 2009 [31]	Solanum lycopersicum	Exotic	Flavonoids, fatty acids, and lectins	Antioxidant activity	No
Agrawal and Pandey, 2009 [32]	Bauhinia veriegata	Native	Melanine pigments, salts of metal ions and low-weight compounds, phenols, and betulin	↓ disordered replication; Proapoptotic activity	No
Harhaji Trajković et al., 2009 [33]	Ganoderma lucidum	Native	Essential oils (cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamyl aldehyde), coumarins, and tannins	Antiangiogenic and antiinvasive activities; Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Kwon et al., 2009 [34]	Cinnamomum cassia	Native	Charantin, pectin, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, resins, phenolic compounds, fixed oil, and free acids	Proapoptotic activity	Yes
Youn et al., 2009 [35]	Inonotus obliquus	Native	Essential oils (cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamyl aldehyde) and tannins	Proapoptotic activity	Yes
Agrawal and Beohar, 2010 [36]	Momordica charantia	Native	β-Glucan, lignins, and phenolics	Antioxidant activity	Yes
Kwon et al., 2010 [37]	Cinnamomum cassia	Native	Polyphenols, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, and coumarins	↓ tissue invasion and metastasis	Yes
Seki and Maeda, 2010 [38]	Sasa senanesis	Native	Flavonoids, sterols, and isothiocyanates	Antiangiogenic activity	Yes
Wang, et al., 2010 [39]	Solanum nigrum Linn	Native	Saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, and tannins	Antioxidant activity	Yes
Khoobchandani et al., 2011 [40]	Eruca sativa	Native	4-Pyrrolidinyl, pyrazole, ketone derivatives and thiazolidine-diones, flavonoids, tannins, catechin, anthroquinone, and phenolic groups	Modulation of the immune system; Antioxidant activity	No
Monga et al., 2011 [41]	Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, and Ocimum kilimanscharicum	Native	Shikonin derivatives (naphtoquinones)	Cell cycle arrest; Proapoptotic activity	Yes
Prabhu and Guruvayoorappan, 2012 [42]	Rhizophora apiculata	Native	Polyphenols, vitamin C, β carotene, flavonoids, and tannins, (6)-gingerol	Proapoptotic activity; Antioxidant activity	No
Rajasekar et al., 2012 [43]	Lithospermum erythrorhizon	Native	Saponins, vanillin, lupeol, and pectic polysaccharides	↓ tissue invasion and metastasis; Modulation of the immune system; Antioxidant activity	Yes
De Oliveira et al., 2013 [44]	Synadenium grantii Hook F.	Native	Visco lectins (terpenes and oleanolic acid)	Proapoptotic activity; Antiangiogenic activity	Yes
Lee et al., 2013 [45]	Zingiber officinale	Native	Terpenes and polysaccharides	↓ disordered replication; Proapoptotic activity; Antioxidant activity	Yes
Shathish and Guruvayoorappan, 2013 [46]	Decalepis hamiltonii	Native	Tannins, polyphenols, and flavonoids (epigallocatechin gallate)	Modulation of the immune system; Antioxidant activity	No
Strüh et al., 2013 [47]	Viscum album	Native	Sibiricoses and steroidal glycosides	Proapoptotic activity	Yes
Krifa et al., 2014 [48]	Limoniastrum guyonianum	Native	Terpenoids, β-glucan, peptides, polysaccharides, organic acids, terpenes, mevinol, saponins, and steroids	Proapoptotic activity; Cell cycle arrest	No
Son et al., 2014 [49]	Cynanchum atratum	Native	Phenolic compounds, pyrogallol, gallic acid, and β-sitosterol	↓ disordered replication; ↓ tissue invasion and metastasis; Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Wang et al., 2014 [50]	Pleurotus ferulae	Native	Ginsenosides (saponins) and polysaccharides	Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Dudek et al., 2015 [51]	Rhodiola crenulata	Native	Quinochalones, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyacetylene, aromatic glucosides, organic acids, paeoniflorin (terpen), amygdalin, polysaccharides, Z-ligustilide, and ferulic acid	Antiangiogenic activity	No
Jang et al., 2015 [52]	Panax ginseng	Native	Terpenes, steroids, cumarins, tannins, anthraquinones, and saponins	Proapoptotic activity; Cell cycle arrest; Modulation of the immune system	Yes
Bao et al., 2017 [53]	Forsythia suspensa Thunb.	Native	Pholyphenols (forsythosides) and pinoresinol (lignan)	Modulation of the immune system	No