Mediators of Inflammation

Review Article

Applicability of Plant Extracts in Preclinical Studies of Melanoma: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Bias analyses (ARRIVE) of the studies using plant extracts for the treatment of melanoma in murine models.
(a)
Kato et al., 1998 [19]Xiaoguang et al., 1998 [20]Dai et al., 2001 [21]Nam et al., 2003 [22]Baral and Chattopadhyay, 2004 [23]Leyon and Kuttan, 2004 [24]Yoo et al., 2004 [25]Duong Von Huyen et al., 2006 [26]Jiménez-Medina et al., 2006 [27]Sheeja et al., 2006 [28]Sunila and Kutan, 2006 [29]Xu et al., 2006 [30]Agrawal and Jain, 2009 [31]Agrawal and Pandey, 2009 [32]Harhaji Trajković et al., 2009 [33]Kwon et al., 2009 [34]Youn et al., 2009 [35]Agrawal and Beohar, 2010 [36]
Title                  
 Accurate and concise description of the content of the article✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓
Abstract                  
 Summary of the background, objectives, methods, principal findings, and conclusions✓ ✓     ✓✓   ✓✓✓  
Introduction                  
 Background✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
 Objectives✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
Materials and methods                  
Ethical statement                  
 Indicate the nature of the ethical review permissions and relevant licenses  ✓  ✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓
Study design                  
 Number of experimental and control groups✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
 Any steps taken to minimize the effects of subjective bias when allocating animals to treatment✓ ✓     ✓  ✓ ✓✓✓ ✓
 The experimental unit✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
Experimental procedures                  
 Doses✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
 Method of administration✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
 Choose of dose✓ ✓      ✓        
Experimental animals                  
 Origin of animal✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
 Species✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
 Sex ✓ ✓ ✓    ✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓
 Developmental stage✓ ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
 Weight ✓ ✓    ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓
Housing and husbandry                  
 Housing   ✓✓✓  ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ 
 Husbandry conditions   ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓
Sample size                  
 Specify the total number of animals used in each experiment✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓
 Explain how the number of animals was decided                  
Allocating animals to experimental groups                  
 How animals were allocated to experimental group (AZAR)✓ ✓     ✓  ✓ ✓✓✓ ✓
Experimental outcomes                  
 Clearly define the primary and secondary experimental outcomes assessed✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓ 
Statistical methods                  
 Provide details of the statistical methods used for each analysis✓ ✓  ✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
 Specify the unit of analysis for each dataset✓ ✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓  ✓✓✓✓
 Describe any methods used to assess whether the data met the assumptions of the statistical approach    ✓  ✓ ✓        
Results                  
Baseline data                  
 For each experimental group, report relevant characteristics and health status of animals before treatment or testing             ✓    
Numbers analyzed                  
 Report the number of animals in each group included in each analysis✓✓✓✓   ✓✓ ✓   ✓  ✓
 If any animals or data were not included in the analysis, explain why✓✓                
Outcomes and estimation                  
 Report the results for each analysis carried out✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓  ✓✓✓✓
Adverse events                  
 Give details of all important adverse events in each experimental group  ✓✓          ✓   
 Describe any modifications to the experimental protocols made to reduce adverse events   ✓              
Discussion                  
Interpretation/scientific implications                  
 Interpret the results, taking into account the study objectives and hypotheses, current theory, and other relevant studies in the literature✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓  ✓✓✓ 
 Comment on the study limitations including any potential sources of bias   ✓            ✓ 
Generalizability/translation                  
 Comment on whether, and how, the findings of this study are likely to translate to other species or systems, including any relevance to human biology              ✓   
Funding                  
 List all funding sources✓ ✓✓   ✓✓    ✓✓✓✓✓
 Results (%)65.740.068.662.951.457.145.754.365.757.160.057.151.465.774.368.657.162.9
(b)
Kwon et al., 2010 [37]Seki and Maeda, 2010 [38]Wang, et al., 2010 [39]Khoobchandani et al., 2011 [40]Monga et al., 2011 [41]Prabhu and Guruvayoorappan, 2012 [42]Rajasekar et al., 2012 [43]De Oliveira et al., 2013 [44]Lee et al., 2013 [45]Shathish and Guruvayoorappan, 2013 [46]Strüh et al., 2013 [47]Krifa et al., 2014 [48]Son et al., 2014 [49]Wang et al., 2014 [50]Dudek et al., 2015 [51]Jang et al., 2015 [52]Bao et al., 2017 [53]% of items reported
Title                  
 Accurate and concise description of the content of the article✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓  ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓88.5
Abstract                  
 Summary of the background, objectives, methods, principal findings, and conclusions✓✓✓ ✓ ✓✓  ✓ ✓✓✓ ✓51,4
Introduction                  
 Background✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓94.3
 Objectives✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓100.0
Materials and methods                  
Ethical statement                  
 Indicate the nature of the ethical review permissions and relevant licenses✓  ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓ ✓✓71,4
Study design                  
 Number of experimental and control groups✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓88.5
 Any steps taken to minimize the effects of subjective bias when allocating animals to treatment  ✓✓✓   ✓    ✓   37,1
 The experimental unit✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓97.1
Experimental procedures                  
 Doses✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓94.3
 Method of administration✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓94.3
 Choose of dose     ✓ ✓   ✓     17.1
Experimental animals                  
 Origin of animal✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓97.1
 Species✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓100.0
 Sex✓✓  ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓71.4
 Developmental stage✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓91.4
 Weight   ✓✓  ✓ ✓ ✓✓   ✓51.4
Housing and husbandry                  
 Housing ✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓✓✓ ✓62.8
 Husbandry conditions✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓80.0
Sample size                  
 Specify the total number of animals used in each experiment✓ ✓✓✓✓  ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓80.0
 Explain how the number of animals was decided                 0.0
Allocating animals to experimental groups                  
 How animals were allocated to experimental group (AZAR)  ✓✓✓   ✓    ✓   37.1
Experimental outcomes                  
 Clearly define the primary and secondary experimental outcomes assessed✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓88.5
Statistical methods                  
 Provide details of the statistical methods used for each analysis✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓88.5
 Specify the unit of analysis for each dataset✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓85.7
 Describe any methods used to assess whether the data met the assumptions of the statistical approach   ✓✓✓   ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ 31.4
Results                  
Baseline data                  
 For each experimental group, report relevant characteristics and health status of animals before treatment or testing              ✓  5.7
Numbers analyzed                  
 Report the number of animals in each group included in each analysis✓       ✓✓ ✓✓✓  ✓45.7
 If any animals or data were not included in the analysis, explain why          ✓ ✓    11.4
Outcomes and estimation                  
 Report the results for each analysis carried out✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓91.4
Adverse events                  
 Give details of all important adverse events in each experimental group          ✓ ✓ ✓  17.1
 Describe any modifications to the experimental protocols made to reduce adverse events                 2.8
Discussion                  
Interpretation/scientific implications                  
 Interpret the results, taking into account the study objectives and hypotheses, current theory, and other relevant studies in the literature✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓82.8
 Comment on the study limitations including any potential sources of bias ✓               8,5
Generalizability/translation                  
 Comment on whether, and how, the findings of this study are likely to translate to other species or systems, including any relevance to human biology✓         ✓      8.5
Funding                  
 List all funding sources✓✓ ✓✓✓✓✓✓   ✓✓✓✓✓65.7
 Results (%)65.745.760.068.674.365.757.160.062.960.057.168.674.371.465.754.368.6