Markers of Glomerular and Tubular Damage in the Early Stage of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Table 1

Clinical characteristics and the results of laboratory tests of T2DM patients with eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m² according to albuminuria categories.

Characteristic	Normal to mildly increased albuminuria: uACR < 30 mg/g ()	Moderately increased albuminuria: uACR 30–300 mg/g ()	value
Age, years	59 ± 11	67 ± 12	0.007^#
Male sex, (%)	32 (52)	6 (32)	0.1
Known diabetes duration, years	5 (2–10)	10 (6–15)	0.009^#
Hypertension, (%)	50 (82)	17 (89)	0.4
Ischemic heart disease, (%)	5 (8)	5 (26)	0.037^#
Heart failure, (%)	3 (5)	3 (16)	0.1
BMI, kg/m^2	31.5 ± 5.0	31.9 ± 7.5	0.8
Insulin treatment, (%)	17 (28)	8 (42)	0.2
Statin use, (%)	27 (44)	13 (68)	0.07
ACEI/ARB use, (%)	40 (66)	13 (68)	0.8
Hemoglobin, g/dl	14.0 ± 1.4	13.2 ± 1.7	0.045^#
White blood cell count, ×10^3/μl	7.20 (6.20–8.33)	8.51 (6.65–10.30)	0.039^#
Fasting glucose, mmol/l	6.95 ± 0.84	7.25 ± 0.70	0.2
HbA1c, %	6.30 (5.90–7.80)	7.35 (6.30–8.40)	0.049^#
Total cholesterol, mmol/l	4.68 (3.85–5.74)	4.84 (3.98–5.72)	0.8
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l	1.19 (1.06–1.42)	1.22 (1.01–1.40)	0.7
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/l	2.66 (1.86–3.49)	2.49 (1.94–3.54)	0.8
Triglycerides, mmol/l	1.53 (1.15–2.03)	1.83 (1.40–2.80)	0.07
C-reactive protein, mg/l	2.80 (1.30–5.80)	6.90 (3.40–14.60)	0.008^#
Serum creatinine, μmol/l	68.1 (59.2–78.7)	64.5 (53.0–79.6)	0.6
eGFR (CKD-EPICr), ml/min/1.73 m^2	94 (81–101)	86 (72–97)	0.2
Serum cystatin C, mg/l	0.86 (0.78–1.01)	1.15 (0.93–1.37)	<0.001^#
eGFR (CKD-EPICysC), ml/min/1.73 m^2	93 (78–103)	71 (62–95)	0.002^#
Serum NGAL, μg/l	53.8 (43.3–70.4)	67.2 (61.0–103.1)	0.013^#
Urine NGAL, μg/l	10.3 (3.1–21.8)	24.7 (14.3–43.9)	0.008^#
Urine NGAL/creatinine, μg/g	9.02 (2.97–18.84)	35.1 (8.89–74.92)	0.012^#
Urine KIM-1, μg/l	0.73 (0.32–1.54)	1.26 (0.73–2.92)	0.022^#
Urine KIM-1/creatinine, μg/g	0.98 (0.30–1.31)	1.91 (1.20–3.29)	<0.001^#
Urine transferrin, mg/l	<2.17	<2.17 (<2.17–6.43)	<0.001^#
Detectable urine transferrin (≥2.17 mg/l), (%)	1 (2)	9 (47)	<0.001^#
Urine IgG, mg/l	<3.36	5.88 (<3.36–12.60)	<0.001^#
Detectable urine IgG (≥3.36 mg/l), (%)	4 (7)	14 (74)	<0.001^#
Serum uromodulin, μg/l	127 (95–173)	100 (58–138)	0.031^#
Urine uromodulin, mg/l	6.56 (2.19–14.38)	5.60 (2.09–13.41)	0.5
Urine uromodulin/creatinine, mg/g	7.62 (2.18–15.95)	9.19 (3.31–12.79)	0.8

^#Statistically significant difference between the groups. Abbreviations: T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; uACR: urine albumin to creatinine ratio; BMI: body mass index; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; HbA_1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; Cr: creatinine; CysC: cystatin C; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; IgG: immunoglobulin G.