Review Article

Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Current Applications and Future Perspectives

Table 2

Microbes in MS.

AuthorSubjectTreatmentBacterial in MS↑Bacterial in MS↓Bacterial in treatment↑Bacterial in treatment↓Other results

Jangi et al. [128]MS
HC
IFN-β
GA
Untreated
Methanobrevibacter
Akkermansia
ButyricimonasPrevotella
Sutterella
Sarcina
Tremlett et al. [134]Children ≤ 18
MS
HC
IFN-β
GA
Untreated
(1) No difference in immune markers between MS and HC.
(2) Associations between immune markers (Th17, Tregs) and gut microbiota (Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria) had been noted.
Tremlett et al. [132]Children ≤ 18
MS
HC
IFN-β
GA
Natalizumab

Corticosteroids

Untreated
Desulfovibrionaceae (Bilophila, Desulfovibrio, Christensenellaceae)Lachnospiraceae
Ruminococcaceae
(1) Observed children very early in their MS which close to MS onset.
(2) Onset of MS with more subtle changes rather than in the community composition.
Branton et al. [143]PPMS
RRMS
SPMS
HC
Actinobacteria in RRMS
Proteobacteria in PPMS
Actinobacteria in PP-MS(1) Using brain biopsies for MS, and RNA sequence analysis for bacteria.
(2) Composition of the bacteria maybe different from gut.
Wilson et al. [137]MS
HC
Actinobacteria
Bifidobacterium
Streptococcus
Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium,
Prevotella, Anaerostipes
Clostridia XIVa and IV Clusters
Tremlett et al. [133]MS IFN-β
GA
Natalizumab

Untreated
Firmicutes
Archaea Euryarchaeota
FusobacteriaAbsence (versus presence) of Fusobacteria was associated with relapse risk
Cantarel et al. [138]MS
HC
GA
Untreated
Vitamin D
RuminococcusFaecalibacterium, BacteroidaceaeFaecalibacteriumFaecalibacterium increased for GA naïve MS relative to GA-treated MS and HC.
Rumah et al. [139]RRMS
SPMS
HC
C. perfringens type A
Chen et al. [140]MS
HC
IFN-β
GA
Natalizumab

Untreated
Pseudomonas, Mycoplana, Haemophilus, Blautia,
Dorea
Parabacteroides, Adlercreutzia,
Prevotella
Rumah et al. [161]Fingolimod
DMF
Teriflunomide
C. perfringensInhibition of C. perfringens growth may contribute to the clinical efficacy of MS

MS: multiple sclerosis; HC: health control; GA: glatiramer acetate; IFN-β: beta-interferon; PPMS: primary progressive multiple sclerosis; RRMS: relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; SPMS: secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; DMF: dimethyl fumarate. ↑ means increase and ↓ means decrease.