Review Article

Intestinal Immunomodulatory Cells (T Lymphocytes): A Bridge between Gut Microbiota and Diabetes

Figure 1

Blue indicates the gut microbiota, purple indicates T lymphocytes, and green indicates different targets of diabetes. Red lines represent inhibitory action. Solid black lines represent a positive effect (promotion). PSA: polysaccharide A; ASF: altered Schaedler flora; SCFA: short-chain fatty acids; SFB: segmented filamentous bacteria; APCS: antigen-presenting cells; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TH0, 1, 2, and 17 cells: T helper 0, 1, 2, and 17 cells; Treg: regulatory T cell; SAA: serum amyloid A; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; STAT4 and 6: signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 and 6; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; VEGFR2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; Jak: Janus kinase; Tyk: tyrosine kinase; CREB: cAMP-response element binding protein; CRTC2: CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 2.