Review Article
Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Table 2
Randomized placebo-controlled trials of NRs agonists in IBD.
| NRs | Agonist | Design | Outcome | Ref. |
| PPARγ | Rosiglitazone | Mild to moderately active UC rosiglitazone () vs. placebo () 4 mg twice daily vs. placebo | 12W clinical response 44% of rosiglitazone vs. 23% of placebo | [32] |
| VDR | Vitamin D3 | CD in remission 1200 IU vitamin D3 () vs. placebo () once daily | 12M relapse rate: vitamin D3 13% vs. placebo 29% | [50] | Vitamin D3 | UC in remission 300,000 IU intramuscular vitamin D3 vs. 1 mL normal saline as placebo () | 90 days after intervention Vitamin D3 decreases ESR and hs-CRP levels and increase in LL37 gene expression | [51] |
| PXR | Rifaximin | Mild-to-moderate CD rifaximin 800 mg o.d.+ placebo o.d. () rifaximin 800 mg b.d. () placebo b.d. () | 12W clinical remission rate: 32%, 52%, 33% 12W clinical response rate: 48%, 67%, 41% | [70] | Rifaximin | Moderately active CD rifaximin 800 mg () vs placebo () | 12W remission rate: 62% of rifaximin vs. 43% of placebo | [71] | Rifaximin | Moderately active CD in remission 800 mg of rifaximin () b.d. vs. 800 mg placebo () | 12W remission rate: 100% of rifaximin vs. 87% of placebo | [72] |
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NRs, nuclear receptors; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; PPARγ, proliferator-activated receptor-γ; UC, ulcerative colitis; CD, Crohn’s disease; W, week; VDR, vitamin D receptor; M, month; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PXR, pregnane X receptor.
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