Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Same Inflammatory Mediators?

Table 1

Main study evaluating prevalence of periodontitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Study	RA group ()	Control group	Mean age (years)	Female sex (%)	Smokers in RA (%)	Smokers in controls (%)	RA duration	RF (%)	ACPA (%)	PD prevalence in RA	Results
Pischon et al. 2008 [12]	57	HS 52	RA 52.1	RA 95%	59.7%	40.4%	10 years	NR	NR	8.05-fold increased odds of PD in RA compared with HS	Higher prevalence of PD in RA versus HS
Dissick et al. 2010 [13]	91	OA 41	RA 62; OA 58	RA 12; OA 5	65%	46%	14 years	81%	87%	RA 51%; OA 26%	PD more common and severe in RA pt in comparison with OA.; Association between PD and RF/ACPA
Scher et al. 2012 [14]	eRA 31; lRA 34	18	eRA 42.2; lRA 47.7	eRA 68%; lRA 79%; HS 65%	eRA 32%; lRA 30%	22%	eRA 3.4 mts; lRA 62.9 mts	eRA 92%; lRA 78%	eRA 96%; lRA 88%	eRA 88%; lRA 91%; HS 44%	High PD prevalence in eRA at disease onset
de Smit et al. 2012 [15]	95	Non-RA 44; HS 36	RA 56; Non-RA 54; HS 34	RA 68; Non-RA 57; HS 57	24.2%	Non-RA 61.4%; HS 38.9%	7.4 years	RA 53%	RA 71%	RA 43% moderate and 27% severe; Non-RA 18%; HS 12%	Higher prevalence of severe PD in RA pt in comparison with controls.; Association between severe PD and higher DAS28
Ranade and Doiphode 2012 [16]	RA 40	Non-RA 40	RA 45	RA 80%	NR	NR	2.15 years	NR	NR	RA 97.5%	High prevalence of mild-to-moderate PD in patients with RA
Reichert et al. 2013 [17]	RA 42	Non-RD 114	RA 56.1	RA 52.4%	26.2%	25%	NR	NR	NR	RA 34.3%; Non-RD 49.1%	In patients with RA, DNA of P. gingivalis was detected in synovial fluid more often than in controls
Wolff et al. 2014 [18]	eRA 22	HS 22	RA 51.7	RA 68%	19%	19%	5.9 mts	37%	41%	100%	More severe PD detected in eRA pts
Joseph et al. 2013 [19]	RA 100	HS 112	RA 46.5	RA 76%	0%	0%	NR	NR	NR	RA 58%; HS 7.1%	Higher prevalence and severity of PD in RA
Chen et al. 2013 [20]	RA 13779	Non-RA 137790	RA 52.6	RA 77.4%	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	RA 39%; Non-RA 35.1%	Association between periodontitis and incident RA
Mikuls et al. 2014 [26]	287	OA 330	RA 59; OA 59	RA 37%; OA 30%	62%	46%	12.6 years	77%	83.6%	RA 34.8%; OA 26%	Higher PD prevalence in RA versus OA. PD significantly associated with higher disease activity, radiographic damage, and ACPA levels.; Higher ACPA in pts with subgingival P gingivalis and in those with higher levels of anti-P gingivalis antibodies.; No differences between RA and OA in the levels of anti-PG
Gonzalez et al. 2015 [25]	287	OA 330	RA 59; OA 59	RA 37%; OA 40%	62%	46%	Not specified	Not specified	80.5%	100%	ACPA-positive RA patients with significantly higher mean percentage of sites with ABL >20% compared with OA pts
Potikuri et al. 2012 [22]	91	93	RA 43.9 HS 41.7	RA 76%; HS 69%	0	0	PD 17.1 mts; Non-PD 12.9 mts	63%	41%	RA 64.8%; HS 28%	Strict association between PD and RA in nonsmoking subjects and DMARD-naïve pts
Eriksson et al. 2016 [21]	RA 2740	HS 3942	18-70 years	RA 73%; HS 73%	25%	18%	9.6 years	64%	63%	RA 33%; HS 32%	No evidence of an increased prevalence of PD in patients with lRA compared to HS and no differences based on ACPA or RF status among RA subjects
Choi et al. 2016 [23]	RA 264	HS 88	58.2	RA 87.5%; HS 87.5%	6.4%	8%	13.8 years	68.5%	69.1%	RA 63.6; HS 34.1%	Prevalence of moderate or severe PD increased in RA patients compared to HS. Periodontal inflammation was correlated with RA duration, ESR, and ACPA
Äyräväinen et al. 2017 [24]	eRA 53; lRA 28	HS 43	eRA 51; lRA 52	eRA 85%; lRA 82%; HS 88%	eRA 21%; lRA 11%	14%	eRA 10.4 mts; lRA 176 mts	eRA 79.2%; lRA 69.2%	NR	eRA 67.3%; lRA 64.3%; HS 39.5%	Moderate PD more frequent in RA patients than HS

RA: rheumatoid arthritis; PD: periodontics; HS: healthy subjects; OA: osteoarthritis; eRA: early RA; lRA: long-standing RA; ACPA: anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies; ABL: alveolar bone loss; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; mts: months; NR: not reported.