Autoantibodies as Diagnostic Markers and Mediator of Joint Inflammation in Arthritis

Table 1

List of autoantibodies to citrullinated antigens detected in RA patients.

Antigen	Continent	Country	Sequence	Prevalence	Reference
CCP	Europe	Sweden	Not provided	49-57.4%	[89, 90]
		Italy		28.7-72%	[61, 90]
		UK		10%	[91]
		Denmark		44.9%	[92]
		Netherlands		50-75%	[90, 93, 94]
		France		88.9%	[95]
		Belgium		66.1%	[51]
		Austria		81%	[96]
		Poland		66.7%	[97]
		Spain		36.3-66.3%	[90, 98–100]
		Rome		61-70%	[101, 102]
	North America	USA		61.3-85%	[103–105]
		Canada		48.8%	[106]
	South America	Brazil		84.8%	[107]
	Asia	China		67.9-71.3%	[108, 109]
		Bangladesh		92.3%	[110]
		Japan		75-87.9%	[111–113]
		Thailand		60.3%	[114]
		Israel		80%	[115]
		Sri Lanka		71%	[116]
	Africa	Africa		87%	[117]
CCP-2	Europe	Sweden	Not provided	59-81%	[118–121]
		Netherlands		54-82%	[84, 94, 122–125]
		Hungary		75%	[126]
		Italy		88%	[127]
		Spain		64.2%	[79]
	Asia	Malaysia		64%	[118]
	Africa	Africa		82%	[35]
CCP-3	Africa	Africa	Not provided	77%	[35]
	Europe	Hungary	Not provided	79%	[126]
CCP-3.1	Europe	Hungary	Not provided	84%	[126]
Collagen II	Europe	Sweden	Not provided	Cit-CII355-378 (13%)	[118]
				Cit^360,365-CII359-369 (33.5%)	[121]
	Asia	Malaysia	Not provided	Cit-CII355-378 (17%)	[118]
Vimentin	Europe	Sweden	VYAT-Cit-SSAV-Cit-L-Cit-SSVP	Cit^64,69,71-vimentin60-75 (29.8-44%)	[27, 28, 118, 128]
			Not provided	Cit-vimentin2-17 (11.7-32%)	[118, 121]
			Not provided	Cit-vimentin1-16 (2.7%)	[119]
			VYAT-Cit-SSAV-Cit-L-Cit-SSVP	Cit^63,68,70-vimentin59-74 (38%)	[119, 129]
		Poland	Not provided	58.8%	[97]
		Netherlands	VYAT-Cit-SSAV-Cit-L-Cit-SSVP	Cit^63,68,70-vimentin59-74 (58%)	[123]
	Asia	Malaysia	VYAT-Cit-SSAV-Cit-L-Cit-SSVP	Cit^64,69,71-vimentin60-75 (54%)	[27, 28, 118, 128]
			Not provided	Cit-vimentin2-17 (25%)	[118]
Fibrinogen-alpha	Europe	Sweden	HHPGIAEFPS-Cit-GKSSSYSKQF	Cit^573-fibrinogen-α563-583 (21.9-43%)	[118, 130]
			Not provided	Cit-fibrinogen-α27-43 (19%)	[119]
			AEGGGV-Cit-GPRVVE	Cit^35-fibrinogen-α29-41 (20.2%)	[131]
			KDLLPS-Cit-D-Cit-QHLPLIK	Cit^216,218-fibrinogen-α201-225 (12.7%)	[131]
			QMRMELE-Cit-PGGNEIT-Cit-GGSTSYG	Cit^263,271-fibrinogen-α256-278 (21.0%)	[131]
			NVSPGT-Cit-Cit-EYHTEK	Cit^425,426-fibrinogen-α419-432 (17.0%)	[131]
			SKQFTSSTSYN-Cit-GDSTFESKS	Cit^591-fibrinogen-α580-600 (9.8-14.4%)	[118, 121, 130]
		Netherlands	Not provided	Cit-fibrinogen-α27-43 (28%)	[123]
	Asia	Malaysia	HHPGIAEFPS-Cit-GKSSSYSKQF	Cit^573-fibrinogen-α563-583 (39%)	[118, 130]
			SKQFTSSTSYN-Cit-GDSTFESKS	Cit^591-fibrinogen-α580-600 (19%)	[118, 130]
	Africa	Africa	GP-Cit-VVE-Cit-HQSACKDS	Cit^38,42-fibrinogen-α36-50 (45%)	[132, 133]
Fibrinogen-beta	Europe	Sweden	NEEGFFSA-Cit-GHRPLDKK	Cit^44-fibrinogen-β36-52 (42-64.9%)	[118, 129]
			APPPISGGGY-Cit-ARPAKAAAT	Cit^72-fibrinogen-β62-81 (19-20%)	[118, 130]
			APPPISGGGYRA-Cit-PAKAAAT	Cit^74-Fibrinogen-β62-81 (25.2-30%)	[118, 130]
			APPPISGGGYRA-Cit-PAKAAAT	Cit^74-fibrinogen-β62-81a&b (14.9-35.6%)	[121]
		Netherlands	NEEGFFSA-Cit-GHRPLDKK	Cit^44-fibrinogen-β36-52 (60%)	[123]
	Asia	Malaysia	NEEGFFSA-Cit-GHRPLDKK	Cit^44-fibrinogen-β36-52 (47%)	[118, 129]
			APPPISGGGY-Cit-ARPAKAAAT	Cit^72-fibrinogen-β62-81 (18%)	[118, 130]
			APPPISGGGYRA-Cit-PAKAAAT	Cit^74-fibrinogen-β62-81 (15%)	[118, 130]
	Africa	Africa	Cit-PAPPPISGGGY-Cit-A-Cit	Cit^60,72,74-fibrinogen-β60-74 (73%)	[132, 133]
Filaggrin	Europe	Sweden	HQEST-Cit-G-Cit-SRGRSGRSGS	Cit^312,314-filaggrin307-324 (44-46.8%)	[118, 121]
		Poland	HQEST-Cit-G-Cit-SRGRSGRSGS	23.5%	[97]
	Asia	Malaysia	HQEST-Cit-G-Cit-SRGRSGRSGS	Cit^312,314-filaggrin307-324 (42%)	[118]
Enolase-alpha	Europe	Sweden	KIHA-Cit-EIFDS-Cit-GNPTVE	Cit^9,15-enolase5-21(40-50%)	[29, 118, 134]
			KIHA-Cit-EIFDS-Cit-GNPTV	Cit^9,15-enolase5-20 (25%)	[119]
			KIHA-Cit-EIFDS-Cit-GNPTVE	Cit^10,16-enolase5-21 68.1%	[121]
		Poland	KIHA-Cit-EIFDS-Cit-GNPTVE	70.6%	[97]
		Netherlands	KIHA-Cit-EIFDS-Cit-GNPTV	Cit^9,15-enolase5-20 (32%)	[123]
	Asia	Malaysia	KIHA-Cit-EIFDS-Cit-GNPTVE	Cit^9,15-enolase5-21(23%)	[29, 118, 134]
	Africa	Africa	KIHA-Cit-EIFDS-Cit-GNPTVE	Cit^9,15-enolase5-21 (72%)	[117]