Hoveniae Semen Seu Fructus Ethanol Extract Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity via MAPK, AP-1, and STAT Signaling Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 and Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages

Figure 1

Effects of hoveniae semen seu fructus ethanol (HSFE) extract on (a) cell viability and (b) secretion of NO in macrophages. Cells were seeded with on a 96-well culture plate and preincubated for 18 h. Then, cells were pretreated with HSFE for 1 h prior to 24 h incubation with LPS. At least three independent tests were repeated to ensure reproducibility of the experimental results. (a) Cell viability was examined using a cell-counting kit. (b) NO secretion into the culture media was determined using the Griess assay. As a control, cells were incubated with the vehicle alone. Data represent the of duplicate determinations from three independent experiments. (vs. control) and (vs. LPS) values were considered statistically significant.

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