Serum Cystatin C and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Potential Inflammatory Biomarker in Predicting Critical Illness and Mortality for Adult Patients

Table 2

Association between cystatin C levels and clinical characters in COVID-19 patients.

Group	Number	Cystatin C levels, mg/L median (IQR)	value
Sex
Male	227	1.20 (0.98-1.49)	<0.001
Female	254	1.00 (0.84-1.23)
Age, y
≥65	173	1.29 (1.05-1.62)	<0.001
<65	308	1.00 (0.84-1.21)
Comorbidity
With chronic pulmonary disease	37	1.27 (1.05-1.75)	<0.001
Without chronic pulmonary disease	444	1.07 (0.89-1.33)
With hypertension	184	1.29 (1.02-1.66)	<0.001
Without hypertension	297	1.01 (0.85-1.23)
With diabetes	91	1.33 (0.98-1.83)	<0.001
Without diabetes	390	1.06 (0.89-1.30)
With chronic kidney disease	26	3.22 (1.88-7.40)	<0.001
Without chronic kidney disease	455	1.07 (0.89-1.31)
With cardiovascular disease	61	1.19 (1.02-1.64)	0.006
Without cardiovascular disease	420	1.07 (0.89-1.33)
With cerebrovascular disease	42	1.68 (1.30-2.28)	<0.001
Without cerebrovascular disease	439	1.06 (0.89-1.31)
Level of blood creatinine, μmol/L
≥97	55	2.08 (1.46-3.48)	<0.001
<97	426	1.05 (0.88-1.27)
Admission APACHE II score
≥8	83	1.57 (1.31-2.41)	<0.001
<8	398	1.03 (0.88-1.24)
Severity of COVID-19
Critical illness	104	1.49 (1.12-2.27)	<0.001
Noncritical illness	377	1.03 (0.88-1.23)
Outcome
Survivors	422	1.05 (0.88-1.29)	<0.001
Nonsurvivors	59	1.62 (1.32-2.41)

APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; IQR: interquartile range.