Serum Cystatin C and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Potential Inflammatory Biomarker in Predicting Critical Illness and Mortality for Adult Patients
Table 3
Association of cystatin C with mortality and critical illness in all patients with COVID-19.
Cystatin C levels, mg/L
Quartile 1 (<0.90)
Quartile 2 (0.90-1.08)
Quartile 3 (1.08-1.36)
Quartile 4 (≥1.36)
ln-transformed Cystatin C, mg/L
No. of death/total
2/119
8/116
9/124
40/122
Crude model
1 (ref.)
4.33 (0.90, 20.85) 0.0674
4.58 (0.97, 21.64) 0.0549
28.54 (6.71, 121.37) <0.0001
7.04 (3.86, 12.85) <0.0001
Model 1
1 (ref.)
3.55 (0.72, 17.51) 0.1202
2.26 (0.46, 11.06) 0.3147
9.98 (2.24, 44.54) 0.0026
4.23 (2.34, 7.65) <0.0001
Model 2
1 (ref.)
3.56 (0.70, 18.08) 0.1254
2.22 (0.44, 11.21) 0.3325
7.80 (1.64, 37.02) 0.0097
3.62 (1.61, 8.16) 0.0019
Model 3
1 (ref.)
7.66 (0.89, 66.19) 0.0642
4.69 (0.55, 40.01) 0.1580
15.54 (1.90, 126.80) 0.0104
5.64 (1.92, 16.57) 0.0017
No. of critical/total
10/119
12/116
20/124
62/122
Crude model
1 (ref.)
1.26 (0.52, 3.04) 0.6101
2.10 (0.94, 4.69) 0.0716
11.26 (5.38, 23.57) <0.0001
23.73 (10.66, 52.83) <0.0001
Model 1
1 (ref.)
1.08 (0.44, 2.64) 0.8682
1.33 (0.58, 3.10) 0.5015
5.93 (2.66, 13.21) <0.0001
13.91 (6.11, 31.68) <0.0001
Model 2
1 (ref.)
1.04 (0.42, 2.58) 0.9289
1.33 (0.56, 3.13) 0.5138
3.57 (1.51, 8.46) 0.0039
8.83 (3.52, 22.15) <0.0001
Model 3
1 (ref.)
1.20 (0.47, 3.06) 0.7005
1.41 (0.58, 3.42) 0.4473
2.86 (1.13, 7.28) 0.0272
5.84 (1.91, 17.84) 0.0019
APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019. Data are shown as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Modeled as per unit increase of ln-transformed cystatin C. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 adjusted for model 1 plus chronic pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Model 3 adjusted for model 1 plus model 2 plus blood creatinine and APACHE II score.
