The Potential of Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides against Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Figure 3

The potential mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of food-derived bioactive peptides. CD4⁺/CD8⁺: splenic T lymphocyte subpopulations; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; Foxp3: a transcription factor that drives treg phenotypic differentiation; iNOS: inducible oxide nitric synthase; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; NO: nitric oxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; Th1/2/17: T-helper-cell-associated cytokine 1/2/17. This figure was adapted from previous reports [7, 48].