The Potential of Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides against Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Table 1

The in vitro effects of food-derived bioactive peptides on inhibiting inflammation.

Peptides	Origin	Object	Administration	Activities	Results	Reference
CR, FL, HC, LL, MK	Egg ovotransferrin	TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells	0.05-2 mg/mL egg white digest	Reduce IL-8 secretion and expressions of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-12 and increase IL-10 expression	Inhibit intestinal inflammation	[17]
DEDTQAMPFR, DEDTQAMPF, MLGATSL, MSYSAGF	Egg white protein	TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells	0.25 mg/mL peptide	Inhibit expressions of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12, JNK, IκB, and p38 and increase IL-10 expression	Inhibit inflammation via the MAPK pathway	[18]
DYKKY	Milk whey protein	RAW 264.7 cells	10 and 100 μg/mL	Inhibit expressions of IL-1β, COX-2, and TNF-α and productions of IL-1β and TNF-α and inhibit p38, p65, and IκBα degradation	Inhibit inflammation via the NF-κB pathway	[19]
EAMAPK, AVPYPQ	Milk casein	H2O2-induced IEC-6 cells	5-150 g/mL peptide	Reduce ROS levels and increase SOD and Nrf2 activities	Antioxidation	[13]
FLV	Soybean protein	TNF-α-induced RAW 264.7 and 3T3-L1 cells	0.1-1 μM FLV	Inhibit productions of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 and expressions of JNK, IKK, and IκBα	Inhibit inflammation	[20]
GPETAFLR	Lupine protein	THP-1-derived macrophages	100-500 μg/mL GPETAFLR	Reduce expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL2 and increase IL-10 expression	Prevent chronic inflammation	[21]
GPR	Amaranth protein	LPS-induced THP-1 and RAW 264.7 cells	1 mg/mL hydrolysate	Inhibit TNF-α secretion	Inhibit inflammation via the NF-κB pathway	[22]
IPAV	Milk whey protein	TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells	25-200 μM IPAV	Reduce IL-8 and inhibit expressions of NF-κB, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, Syk, and p38	Inhibit intestinal inflammation via PepT1	[23]
IRW	Egg ovotransferrin	TNF-α-induced human endothelial cells	50 μM IRW	Inhibit ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, and NF-κB pathway	Inhibit vascular inflammation	[24]
IRW, IQW	Egg ovotransferrin	HUVECs	50 μM IRW or IQW	Inhibit expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and NF-κB pathway	Inhibit endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress	[12]
LDAVNR, MMLDF	Spirulina maxima	RBL-2H3 mast cells and EA.hy926 cells	200 μM peptide	Reduce histamine release, IL-8 production, and ROS production	Inhibit inflammation	[25]
Lunasin	Defatted soybean meal protein	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells	100 μM lunasin	Inhibit NO and PGE2 production and COX-2 and iNOS expressions	Inhibit inflammation	[14]
PAY	Salmon protein	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells	0.25-0.75 mM PAY	Reduce productions or expressions of NO, PGE2, TFN-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2	Inhibit inflammation	[26]
PRRTRMMNGGR, MGPAMMRTMPG	Juice of cooked tuna	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells	100 μg/mL hydrolysate	Inhibit secretions of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ	Inhibit inflammation	[27]
QCQQAVQSAV	Ruditapes philippinarum hydrolysate	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells	10-100 μg/mL peptide	Inhibit NO production	Inhibit inflammation	[28]
QQQQQGGSQSQ, QEPQESQQ, QQQQQGGSQSQSQKG, PETMQQQQQQ	Germinated soybean protein	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells	2 mg/mL fraction	Inhibit NO and PGD2 production	Inhibit inflammation	[29]
SSEDIKE	Amaranth protein	Caco-2 cells	100-200 μg/mL SSEDIKE	Reduce CCL20 and NF-κB expressions	Inhibit inflammation	[30]
VPP	Milk casein	3T3-L1 adipocyte cells	1 mM VPP	Inhibit TNF-α expression	Inhibit inflammation via ACE-dependent cascade	[31]
VPP, IPP	Milk casein	3T3-F442A cells	50 μM VPP or IPP	Upregulate PPARγ, activate NF-κB, and reduce adipokine	Inhibit inflammation	[32]
VPY	Soybean protein	Caco-2 and THP-1 cells	0.1-4 mM VPY	Inhibit IL-8 and TNF-α secretions	Treat IBD via PepT1	[33]
VH, LAN, IA, AL	Velvet antler protein from red deer	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells	100-500 μg/mL peptide	Inhibit NO production	Inhibit inflammation	[34]
β-Ala-His	Meat products	H2O2-induced Caco-2 cells	—	Inhibit IL-8 and p38 and ERK activation	Inhibit inflammation via the MAPK and PepT1 pathways	[35]
pyroGlu-Leu	Wheat gluten	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells	200-800 μg/mL peptide	Inhibit NO production, TNF-α, IL-6, and IκBα degradation, and JNK, ERK, and p38 phosphorylation	Inhibit inflammation via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways	[36]

3T3-L1: mouse preadipocytes; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; Caco-2: human colorectal adenocarcinoma-derived intestinal epithelial cells; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; EA.hy926: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; RAW264.7: a mouse macrophage cell line; RAS: renin-angiotensin system; RBL-2H3: rat basophilic leukemia cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; THP-1: a human monocytic cell line; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; NO: nitric oxide; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.