The Potential of Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides against Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

Table 2

The in vivo effect of bioactive peptides on inhibiting inflammation.

Peptides	Origin	Object	Administration	Activities	Results	Reference
AQ	Synthesis	Early-weaned calves	Intravenous infusion 1.01 g/kg BW/d AQ	Increase concentrations of CD2^+ and CD4^+ lymphocytes, CD4^+/CD8^+ ratio, and IgA, IgG, and s-IgA and improve intestinal integrity	Improve gain performance and decrease diarrhea occurrence	[52]
AQ	Synthesis	DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 mice	Inject 75 mg/kg BW/d AQ	Reduce Th1/Th2/Th17, haptoglobin, IgG, chemokine, and MPO activity	Attenuate colitis	[9]
AQ	Synthesis	DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 mice	Inject 75 mg/kg BW/d AQ	Increase colon length, TLR4, NF-κB activation, and expressions of mucin 2, IL-17, and TNF-α and reduce IgG, DAI, and haptoglobin	Inhibit inflammation and enhance mucosa recovery	[53]
AQ	Synthesis	DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 mice	Inject 75 mg/kg BW/d AQ	Reduce IL-17, Th17, and macrophage	Inhibit inflammation	[54]
DIKTNKPVIF	Potato protein hydrolysate	HFD-fed SAMP8 mice	Oral and intraperitoneal injection	Reduce expressions of p-p38, FGF-2, TNF-α, and IL-6	Attenuate proinflammatory reaction via the MAPK pathway	[45]
EWP	Egg white protein	DSS-induced IBD in piglets	Infuse 150 mg/kg BW EWP for 5 days	Reduce weight loss, crypt distortion, and expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-8, and IL-17 and restore gut barrier function	Manage IBD	[55]
GLTSK	Phaseolus vulgaris	AOM/DSS-induced colitis BALB/c mice	Oral 50 mg/kg BW/d GLTSK	Reduce DAI and neoplasms and enhance colon length	Attenuate colitis	[56]
Glycomacropeptide	Milk κ-casein	TNBS-induced ileitis rat	Oral 500 mg/kg BW/d peptide	Reduce DAI, MPO, alkaline phosphatase, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-17, and TNF	Attenuate ileitis via reducing IL-17	[57]
Glycomacropeptide	Milk κ-casein	DSS-induced colitis C57BL/6 female mice	Gavage 500 mg/kg BW/d peptide	Reduce DAI and normalize colonic expressions of IL-1β, IL17, IL23, IL6, TGF-β, IL10, and Foxp3	Inhibit inflammation	[58]
Glycomacropeptide	Milk κ-casein	DSS-induced colitis mice	Gavage 15 mg/d peptide	Increase BW and reduce DAI, CD4^+, IFN-γ, and MPO activity	Inhibit colitis inflammation	[59]
Glycomacropeptide	Milk κ-casein	Oxazolone-induced ulcerative colitis BALB/c mice	Oral 50 mg/kg BW/d peptide	Inhibit NF-κB and MAPK activations and reduce serum IL-1β, IL-5, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 production	Attenuate colitis	[60]
Lunasin	Soybean protein	LPS-induced airway inflammation mice	Intranasal 20 μg/mice lunasin	Reduce infiltration, goblet cell metaplasia, and Th2 cytokine expression	Alleviate inflammation	[15]
IRW	Egg ovotransferrin	Spontaneously hypertensive rat	Oral 15 mg/kg BW/d IRW	Reduce ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression	Inhibit inflammation and hypertension via the NF-κB pathway	[11]
IRW	Egg ovotransferrin	LPS-induced inflammatory peritonitis in rat	Oral 40 mg/kg IRW in feed	Reduce serum TNF-α and IL-6 and MPO activity, increase Shannon index, and decrease Simpson indices	Attenuate inflammation	[61]
IRW, IQW	Egg ovotransferrin	DSS-induced colitis in mice	Drink water with 30 mg/mL peptide	Increase antioxidant enzyme activities and microbial diversity and abundance	Attenuate colitis	[63]
IRW, IQW	Egg ovotransferrin	DSS-induced colitis in mice	Oral 0.03% peptide in diet	Reduce TNF-α and IL-17	Inhibit colonic inflammation	[64]
IRW, IQW	Egg ovotransferrin	Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis in mice	Oral 0.03% peptide in diet	Regulate intestinal microorganisms	Inhibit colonic inflammation	[62]
KGHYAERVG	Rice	Autoimmune encephalitis mice	Oral 100 mg/kg peptide	Reduce productions of IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-23, and IL-12 and increase T cells	Attenuate autoimmune encephalitis	[65]
KPV	C-terminal sequence of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone	DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis in mice	Drink water with 100 μM KPV	Decrease expressions of IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-1β	Reduce intestinal inflammation via PepT1	[66]
PTGADY	Alaska pollock hydrolysates	Hydrogenated cortisone-treated mice	Oral 50-200 mg/kg BW/d hydrolysate	Increase productions of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6	Immunomodulation	[67]
QCQCAVEGGL	Crassostrea gigas	DSS-induced colitis mice	Oral 50 mg/kg BW/d hydrolysate	Reduce IgE and increase spleen CD4^+/CD8^+	Attenuate colitis	[68]
QEPVL, QEPV	Milk casein	LPS-induced mice	Oral 200 mg/kg BW/d peptide	Reduce NO release, increase IL-4 and IL-10 production, and decrease IFN-γ and TNF-α production	Inhibit inflammation	[6]
RILSILRHQNLLKELQDLAL	Chromogranin A	DSS-induced colitis in mice	Intracolonic injection 2.5 mg/kg/day peptide	Reduce IL-18, active macrophages, increase TJ proteins	Attenuate colitis	[69]
SSEDIKE	Amaranth seeds	IgE-mediated food allergy mouse	Gavage 100 μg SSEDIKE	Reduce productions of IgE, IgG, IL-5, IL-13, and NF-κB and increase TGF-β and Foxp3 expressions	Inhibit intestinal inflammation	[70]
TMKLLLVTL	Corn silk extract	LPS-induced inflammatory mice	Oral 1 mg/kg peptide	Inhibit IL-β, IKKβ, and IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB activation	Inhibit inflammation via the IKKβ-NF-κB pathways	[43]
VPP	Milk casein	HFD-induced adipose inflammation mice	Drink water with 0.3 mg/mL VPP for 10 weeks	Reduce monocytes, macrophages, CD18, IL-6, and MCP-1	Attenuate inflammation via the MAPK-JNK pathway	[46]
VPP	Milk casein	Obesity-induced adipose inflammation C57BL/6J mice	Drink water with 0.1% VPP for 4 months	Reduce TNF-α and IL-1β expression and macrophage accumulation and activation	Attenuate inflammation	[31]
VPP, IPP	Milk casein	Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice	Oral 60.2 or 125 μmol/kg BW/d peptide	Reduce IL-6, IL-1β, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor	Attenuate atherosclerosis	[71]
VPP, IPP	Milk κ-casein	L-NAME-treated rats	Drink water with 0.3 mg/mL VPP or IPP	Increase vasorelaxation and nitrite and nitrate and reduce cardiac and renal damage	Attenuate arterial dysfunction	[72]
VPY	Soybean protein	DSS-induced colitis BALB/C female mice	Drink water with 1 mg/mL VPY (100 mg/kg BW/d)	Reduce DAI, weight loss, and MPO activity and expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-17	Treat IBD via PepT1	[33]
WH	Sardine muscle hydrolysate	DSS-induced colitis BALB/c mice	Oral 100 or 250 mg/kg BW/d WH for 14 d	Reduce DAI, cytokine expression, MAPK and IκBα activation, and IL-8 secretion	Inhibit intestinal inflammation	[41]
Milk casein hydrolysates	Lactobacillus fermentation	TNBS-induced colitis mice	Oral 150 μg/d hydrolysate	Reduce BW loss, microbial translocation, colonic DAI, and IFN-γ production	Treat colitis	[73]
Di- and tripeptides	Soybean protein	DSS-induced colitis pig	Infuse 250 mg/kg BW/d peptides	Reduce the expressions of IFNG, IL-1B, IL-12B, TNF, and IL-17A and MPO activity and increase Foxp3 expression and CD4^+CD25^+ T cells	Attenuate colon and ileum inflammation	[74]
Peptide P-317	Cyclic analog of morphiceptin	TNBS/DSS-induced colonic mice	Intraperitoneal 0.2 or oral 2 mg/kg BW/d peptide	Inhibit TNF-α and IL-1β expression and MPO activity	Treat IBD	[75]
pyroGlu-Leu	Wheat gluten	DSS-induced colitis mice	Gavage 0.01-10 mg/kg BW/d peptide	Reduce DAI and normalize colonic Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes	Treat IBD via gut microbiota	[76]
β-Casofensin	Milk protein	NMS-induced intestinal barrier alteration rat	Oral 10 μL/kg BW/d peptide (0.01-100 μM)	Reduce intestinal damages and prevent neonatal stress	Protect gut barrier	[77]
γ-EC, γ-EV	Beans and yeast extracts	DSS-induced BALB/C female mice	Gavage 50 or 150 mg/kg BW/d peptide	Inhibit IκBα and JNK activation and the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, INF-γ, IL-1β, and IL-17 and increase IL-10 expression	Inhibit colitis inflammation via the TNF-α pathway	[47]

ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; AOM: azoxymethane; BW: body weight; CD4⁺/CD8⁺: splenic T lymphocyte subpopulations; DAI: disease activity index; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; Foxp3: a transcription factor that drives treg phenotypic differentiation; glycomacropeptide: a 64-amino acid peptide in stomach casein hydrolysis; HFD: high-fat diet; IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; iNOS: inducible oxide nitric synthase; IFN: interferon; IKKβ: inhibitory κB kinase-β; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; KC: keratinocyte-derived chemokine; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; L-NAME: N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; NMS: neonatal maternal separation; NO: nitric oxide; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; RAW264.7: a mouse macrophage cell line; SAMP8: senescence-accelerated mice prone 8; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; TJ: tight junction; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; Th1/2/17: T-helper-cell-associated cytokine 1/2/17; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.