Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Placental Inflammation and Local Immune Balance

Table 1

EV-derived biomarkers in autoimmunity and pregnancy disorders.

Biomarker	Type of biomarker	Type of derived EVs	Diseases and pregnancy condition	Function	Reference
Thyrotropin receptor	Receptor	Exosomes	Graves’ disease	Sequestering autoantibody and ameliorating autoantibody-mediated activation	[21]
UL-16-binding protein	Protein	Exosomes	Placenta during pregnancy	Downregulate NK cell activity and inhibit maternal cytotoxicity	[25]
MHC class I chain-related protein	Protein	Exosomes	Placenta during pregnancy	Downregulate NK cell activity and inhibit maternal cytotoxicity	[25]
Syncytin-2	Protein	Exosomes	Normal pregnancy	Exerting immunosuppressive effects on T cells	[37]
Placental protein 13	Protein	Exosomes or microvesicles	PE and other obstetric complications	Binding to glycosylated receptors, bringing about hemagglutination, immunoregulation and vasodilation	[48]
Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1	Protein	Exosomes	PE	Attenuating the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells	[51]
Soluble endoglin	Protein	Exosomes	PE	Inhibiting the growth and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells	[51]
MiR-201-3p	Nucleotide/noncoding RNA	Exosomes	PE	Having a role in the pathomechanism of PE	[57]
MiR-155	Nucleotide/noncoding RNA	Exosomes	PE	Inhibiting the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase	[58]
MiR-136 and miR-495	Nucleotide/noncoding RNA	MSC-derived exosomes	PE	Promising circulating biomarkers in early detection of PE	[59]
MiR-210	Nucleotide/noncoding RNA	Exosomes	PE	Produced by trophoblasts and participating in the intercellular communication	[60]
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase	Kinase	Urine exosomes	Gestational diabetes mellitus	Affecting insulin resistance	[66]
Sterile 20-like kinase 1	Protein	Cardiac microvascular endothelial cell-derived exosomes	Diabetes	Inhibiting autophagy, promoting apoptosis and suppressing glucose metabolism	[70]
EVs-encapsulated miRNAs	Nucleotide/noncoding RNA	EVs	Gestational diabetes mellitus	Serving as biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus	[79–82]
MiR-150	Nucleotide/noncoding RNA	Piglet’s umbilical vein-derived EVs	FGR	Promoting angiogenesis	[86]
MiR-21, miR-29a and miR-590-3p	Nucleotide/noncoding RNA	Urinary exosomes	ICP	Downregulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1	[90]
MiR-300 and miR-299-5p	Nucleotide/noncoding RNA	EVs	Congenital obstructive nephropathy	Reregulating renal fibrosis	[99]

EVs: extracellular vesicles; FGR: fetal growth restriction; ICP: intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; PE: preeclampsia.