Particulate Matter-Induced Acute Coronary Syndrome: MicroRNAs as Microregulators for Inflammatory Factors

Table 3

Summary of particulate matter (PM) and related cardiac inflammatory mediators.

Particulate matter (PM)	Cardiac inflammatory mediators	Effect	Reference
PM2.5	IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, CRP, COX	Decrease cell viability and increase inflammatory mediators	[79]
	TNF-α	Increase inflammation and blood coagulation markers	[80]
	CD4+, CD8+, CD14+ and CD16+, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, MIP-1α/β, TNF-α	Increased endothelial cell apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokines, and antiangiogenic activity contribute to pathogenic atherogenesis and acute coronary events	[82]
	TRAF6, NF-κB	Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, stimulated inflammatory cell infiltration, and enhanced inflammatory factors in AC16 cells and heart tissue	[55]
	EDN1, F3, IL-1, IL-6, TNF, TLR2	Involved in systemic inflammation, coagulation, and vasoconstriction	[7]
Smaller PM size	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	Increase inflammation marker	[81]
PM10	CD14 and TLR4	Inverse association of DNA methylation of inflammatory genes in overweight and obese patients	[78]
	TNF-α	Increase inflammation and blood coagulation markers	[80]
Ultrafine particle	3-NT, CCXL2, EPGN, EREG, FOSL1, GREM1, HES1, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-24, NFE2L2, MAFF, MCP-1, p47phox, TGIF1, VEGF	Biological dysregulation in atherosclerosis, increase inflammation	[19]; [63])
Black carbon (BC)	F3, ICAM-1	Inflammation and thrombosis	[76]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and hs-CRP	Inflammation and atherogenesis	[77]