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| Treatment methods | Mode of administration | Dose and duration time | Mechanism of action/activities/effects showed | Reference |
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| LPS-induced inflammation | | 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL for 2 h | Showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting interconnected ROS/Akt/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathways. Significantly inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner | Shimei et al. (2012) |
| LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells | | 0.4, 0.8,1.5, 3, 6.2, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM for 24 h | Showed anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of the release of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW macrophages | Yuemei et al. (2019) |
| A549 cells were stimulated with TLR3 agonist poly(I : C) | | 25, 50, and 100 μM for 3 days | Attenuated inflammation through TLR3 pathway | Yuanxin et al. (2020) |
| TNF-α-induced inflammation in HUVECs | | 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 𝜇M for 24 h | Attenuated endothelial dysfunction induced by TNF-α in a miR-21-dependent manner | Dafeng et al. (2018) |
| TNF-α-induced inflammation | | 50–200 μM for 24 hours | Showed anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation | Nina et al. (2016) |
| LPS-induced cardiomyocyte inflammation | | 25, 50, and 100 μM for 12 h | Exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in cardiomyocytes by reducing TNF-α and IL-6 levels via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways | Meng-qiao et al. (2017) |
| LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells | | 10, 25, and 50 μM for 24 h | DHM significantly reduced LPS-induced NO, IL-6, and TNF-α production and levels of iNOS and COX-2 in BV-2 cells | Yafei et al. (2017) |
| LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells | | 20, 40, 80, or 100 mg/L for 48 h | DHM exhibited the anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells through the TRL4/NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressed the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and inhibited the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 | Nianshui et al. (2019) |
| TPA-induced acute inflammation/LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells | Topical application | 2.3 and 4.6 mg per ear for 5 h/37.5, 75, 150, and 300 μM for 2 h | Showed anti-inflammatory activity through suppressing the activation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Inhibited the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 as well as increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in LPS-treated mice. Reduced the protein expression of iNOS, TNF-α, and COX-2 in RAW cells | Hou et al. (2015) |
| LPS-induced inflammation | Amp was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and dilutions were made in DMEM | 0.5 μg/mL for 24 h | Reduced the phosphorylation levels of JAK2-STAT3 and STAT3 nuclear translocation and suppressed LPS-induced activation of the IκB/NF-κB inflammation pathway. Decreased the production of NO and PGE2 and suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and reduced proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α | Leihua et al. (2017) |
| Ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced inflammation in C57BL/6 mouse | Administered intraperitoneally | 10 mg/kg BW for 14 days | DHM exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in an OVA-induced asthma model | Bin et al. (2017) |
| Doxorubicin- (DOX-) induced cardiotoxicity rat model and DOX-induced H9C2 cells | Administered intragastrically | 100 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks | DHM protected against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via stimulation of the SIRT1 pathway and suppressed IL-1β and IL-18 release, and upregulated SIRT1 protein levels in vivo and in vitro | Zhenzhu et al. (2020) |
| Cecal ligation and puncture- (CLP-) induced lung injury model | Orally administered | 50, 100, 150 mg/kg/day for 3 days | DHM treatment significantly inhibited the CLP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, IL-1β, and IL-18 | Yu-Chang et al. (2019) |
| LPS-mediated inflammation | Diet supplemented with ampelopsin | 100 and 400 mg/kg BW for 28 days | Showed the anti-inflammatory activity through the reduction of activation of AKT and STAT3 phosphorylation and suppressed the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. Decreased the proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 | Xiang et al. (2017) |
| Double-blind clinical trial | Orally administered | Four 150 mg capsules daily for 12 weeks | Exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the serum levels of TNF-α, cytokeratin-18 fragment, and fibroblast growth factor 21 | Shihui et al. (2015) |
| APP/PS1 double transgenic mice | Injected intraperitoneally | 1 mg/kg BW for 2 and 4 weeks | DHM reduced activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and reduced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components and decreased IL-1β in transgenic mice | Jie et al. (2018) |
| Collagen-induced inflammation | Intraperitoneally | 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW every other day for 5 weeks | Alleviated inflammation in rats by attenuating IL-1β production via suppression of NF-κB signaling | Jing et al. (2019) |
| Lead- (Pb-) stimulated inflammation | Oral gavage administration | 125 and 250 mg/kg/BW for 3 months | Inhibited Pb-induced inflammation by regulating the AMPK, Aβ, TLR4, MyD88, p38, and GSK-3β pathways | Chan-Min et al. (2018) |
| Caerulin-induced inflammation in mice and BMDMs | Intraperitoneally | Single dose of 25/100 mg/kg | Inhibited production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-17 in mice and BMDMs | Rongrong et al. (2018) |
| LPS-induced inflammation in chickens | Feeding in the diet | 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg for 14 days | DHM reduced inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in ileum in chickens | Yicong et al. (2020) |
| Mice transplanted with Colo-205 cells | Intragastric administration | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 21 days | Decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α as well as reduced the expression of COX-2 and iNOS | Jun et al. 2019 |
| LPS-induced inflammation in lung tissue | Oral gavage administration | 500 mg/kg BW for 4 days | Exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway as well as TNF-α, IL-1𝛽, and IL-6 levels | Bo et al. (2018) |
| A rat model of inflammation induced by collagen | Intraperitoneally | 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg for 5 weeks | Exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway | Jing et al. (2020) |
| Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat and LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 model | Intraperitoneal injection | 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg for 7 days | DHM significantly reduced rat paw edema induced by carrageenan and noticeably inhibited NO secretion, iNOS, and COX-2 protein expression and decreased p65 phosphorylation via suppression of IKK-β activity and IKK-α/β phosphorylation | Rui et al. (2016) |
| Complete Freund’s Adjuvant- (CFA-) induced inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis model | Gavage administration | 20 and 50 mg/kg per day for 25 days | DHM inhibited the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 via activating the Nrf2 pathway | Jianguo et al. (2018) |
| Streptozotocin-induced diabetic inflammation | Intragastrically given | 100 mg/kg/day for 14 weeks | DHM reduced the levels of proinflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α | Bin et al. (2017a) |
| Alcohol-induced inflammation in C57BL/6 mice | Incorporated in the diet | 75 and 150 mg/kg BW for 6 weeks | DHM considerably alleviated the hepatic IL-1β and IL-6 levels | Ping et al. (2017) |
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