The Predictive role of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Mean Platelet Volume-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MPVLR) for Cardiovascular Events in Adult Patients with Acute Heart Failure
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with heart failure, stratified by cardiovascular events.
Characteristics
Mean (SD)
CVEs ()
No CVEs
valuea
Male sex, (%)
144 (44.9)
40 (41.7)
104 (46.2)
-0.62
0.53
Age (years)
67.4 (14.9)
69.5 (13.6)
66.5 (15.4)
1.80
0.07
BW (kg)
61.7 (15.9)
58.4 (12.2)
63.2 (17.2)
2.48
0.01
Height (cm)
159.7 (8.9)
159.9 (8.9)
159.7 (8.9)
-0.24
0.81
BMI (kg/m2)
24.1 (5.6)
22.8 (4.3)
24.7 (5.9)
-2.70
<0.05
BMI class, (%)
<18.5 kg/m2
33 (10.3)
12 (12.5)
21 (9.3)
18.5-24.9 kg/m2
172 (53.6)
60 (62.5)
112 (49.8)
7.56
0.06
25.0-29.9 kg/m2
79 (24.6)
16 (16.7)
63 (28.0)
30.0 kg/m2
37 (11.5)
8 (8.3)
29 (12.9)
Hypertension, (%)
275 (85.7)
79 (82.3)
196 (87.1)
-1.11
0.27
Diabetes mellitus, (%)
181 (56.4)
52 (54.2)
129 (57.3)
-0.28
0.78
Dyslipidemia, (%)
188 (58.6)
56 (58.3)
132 (58.7)
0.03
0.98
Coronary heart disease, (%)
132 (41.1)
73 (55.3)
59 (44.7)
1.69
0.09
Cerebrovascular accident, (%)
52 (16.2)
24 (25.0)
28 (12.4)
2.81
<0.05
CKD stage, (%)
Stage 1
166 (51.7)
49 (51.0)
117 (52.0)
Stage 2
10 (3.1)
3 (3.1)
7 (3.1)
Stage 3
50 (15.6)
14 (14.6)
36 (16.0)
3.20
0.53
Stage 4
32 (9.9)
14 (14.6)
18 (8.0)
Stage 5
63 (19.6)
16 (16.7)
47 (20.9)
Alcohol consumption, (%)
Never
247 (82.1)
79 (84.9)
168 (80.8)
Quit
35 (11.6)
10 (10.8)
25 (12.0)
0.96
0.62
Current
19 (6.3)
4 (4.3)
15 (7.2)
Smoking, (%)
Never
223 (73.4)
75 (79.8)
148 (70.5)
Quit
59 (19.4)
15 (15.9)
44 (20.9)
3.89
0.14
Current
22 (7.2)
4 (4.3)
18 (8.6)
Rhythm, (%)
Sinus
247 (76.9)
64 (66.7)
183 (81.3)
7.66
<0.05
Atrial fibrillation
74 (23.1)
32 (33.3)
42 (18.7)
LVEF (%)
45.4 (16.9)
45.2 (16.9)
45.5 (17.0)
-0.07
0.94
Type of HF, (%)
HFrEF
127 (39.6)
37 (38.5)
90 (40.0)
0.03
0.87
HFmEF
39 (12.2)
13 (13.5)
26 (11.6)
0.19
0.66
HFpEF
155 (48.3)
46 (47.9)
82 (48.4)
0.00
0.96
SBP (mmHg)
142.2 (27.7)
138.6 (28.2)
143.7 (27.4)
-1.79
0.07
DBP (mmHg)
82.3 (16.9)
80.0 (18.3)
83.2 (16.3)
-1.85
0.06
Mean BP (mmHg)
102.2 (19.1)
99.6 (19.8)
103.4 (18.7)
-1.96
0.05
Pulse rate (bpm)
92.3 (20.6)
93.4 (25.4)
91.8 (18.3)
0.87
0.38
Respiratory rate (per min)
23.6 (4.3)
24.5 (4.3)
23.2 (4.2)
2.77
<0.05
NYHA classification, (%)
III
183 (57.0)
39 (40.6)
144 (64.0)
3.99
<0.05
IV
138 (42.9)
57 (59.4)
81 (36.0)
Comorbidity, (%)
Acute coronary syndrome
43 (13.4)
22 (22.9)
21 (9.3)
3.13
<0.05
Valvular heart diseaseb
57 (17.8)
25 (26.0)
32 (14.2)
2.41
0.02
Cardiomyopathy (CM)
181 (56.4)
55 (57.3)
126 (56.0)
Ischemic CM
87 (27.1)
31 (32.3)
56 (24.9)
Nonischemic CM
50 (15.6)
11 (11.5)
39 (17.3)
2.79
0.41
Hypertensive CM
44 (13.7)
13 (13.5)
31 (13.8)
HT emergency
32 (9.9)
7 (7.3)
25 (11.1)
-1.11
0.27
Medication, (%)
Statin
235 (73.2)
75 (78.1)
160 (71.1)
1.19
0.23
Beta-blocker
182 (56.7)
60 (62.5)
122 (54.2)
1.19
0.24
ACEIs
101 (31.5)
22 (22.9)
79 (35.1)
-2.19
0.03
ARBs
55 (17.1)
20 (20.8)
35 (15.6)
1.26
0.21
Aspirin
177 (55.1)
54 (56.3)
123 (54.7)
0.33
0.74
P2Y12 inhibitors
92 (28.7)
32 (33.3)
60 (26.7)
2.18
0.34
Diuretics
224 (69.8)
60 (62.5)
164 (72.9)
-1.90
0.06
Lab
WBC, ×103, median (IQR) (cells/mL)
8.20 (6.4, 10.4)
8.6 (6.7, 10.4)
8.1 (6.4, 10.0)
-0.66
0.51
Neutrophil (%)
68.0 (11.0)
71.6 (10.7)
66.5 (10.8)
3.89
<0.001
Neutrophil count, ×103, median (IQR) (cells/mL)
5.4 (4.3, 7.1)
6.1 (4.6, 7.4)
5.1 (4.0, 7.0)
-0.36
0.72
Lymphocyte (%)
22.5 (10.6)
19.2 (9.9)
23.9 (10.6)
-3.87
<0.001
Lymphocyte count, ×103, median (IQR) (cells/mL)
1.7 (1.1, 2.4)
1.3 (0.9, 2.0)
1.8 (1.2, 2.4)
-2.07
0.04
NLR, median (IQR)
3.2 (2.3, 5.0)
5.0 (3.4)
3.6 (2.7)
4.25
<0.001
Q1 ()
2.2 (0.7)
1.9 (0.7)
2.3 (0.7)
5.24
<0.001
Q2 ()
5.9 (3.3)
6.2 (3.3)
5.8 (3.3)
Platelets, ×103 (cells/mL)
254.7 (92.4)
251.3 (94.5)
256.1 (91.6)
-0.50
0.61
Hb (g/dL)
10.7 (2.6)
10.7 (2.5)
10.7 (2.7)
-0.08
0.94
Anemiac
245 (76.3)
74 (77.1)
171 (76.0)
0.32
0.75
MPV (fL)
10.4 (0.9)
10.7 (1.0)
10.3 (0.9)
2.80
0.005
MPVLR
7.5 (4.9)
9.0 (5.7)
6.9 (4.5)
3.92
<0.001
Q1 ()
5.0 (1.9)
5.1 (2.0)
5.0 (1.8)
5.12
<0.001
Q2 ()
13.6 (4.9)
13.4 (5.3)
13.9 (4.6)
BUN, median (IQR) (mg/dL)
24.9 (18.1, 43.5)
25.5 (18.8, 40.5)
24.6 (16.9, 43.9)
-0.15
0.89
Creatinine, median (IQR), mg/dL
1.5 (1.1, 2.7)
1.5 (1.1, 2.6)
1.5 (1.0, 2.8)
-0.23
0.82
Sodium (mmol/L)
136.2 (8.0)
136.4 (4.0)
136.2 (9.2)
0.17
0.86
Potassium, median (IQR) (mmol/L)
4.0 (3.6, 4.4)
4.0 (3.6, 4.4)
4.0 (3.6, 4.5)
-0.36
0.72
Magnesium (mg/dL)
2.1 (0.4)
2.0 (0.5)
2.1 (0.3)
-0.13
0.89
Phosphorous (mmol/L)
4.1 (1.3)
4.3 (1.4)
4.1 (1.2)
0.64
0.52
Albumin (g/dL)
3.5 (0.5)
3.4 (0.5)
3.5 (0.6)
-1.10
0.27
Troponin, median (IQR), (ng/mL)
57.7 (20.0, 172.0)
115.0 (55.0, 410.5)
40.0 (16.0, 137.0)
1.47
0.14
NT-pro-BNP (×103), median (IQR) (pg/mL)
5.2 (2.6-13.6)
9.9 (4.5, 14.1)
4.2 (1.7, 12.7)
0.92
0.36
Data are reported by or count (%); IQR: interquartile range. Abbreviations: CVEs: cardiovascular events; BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmEF: heart failure with midrange ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; NYHA: the New York Heart Association Functional Classification; ACEIs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin-II receptor antagonists; WBC: white blood cell; NLR: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; Hb: hemoglobin; MPV: mean platelet volume; MPVLR: MPV-to-lymphocyte ratio; NT-pro-BNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Missing data: %, %, %, %, %, %, %, and %. aUsing -test for continuous variables and test for categorical variables. bValvular heart disease (VHD): mitral valve disease (5.3%), aortic valve disease (9.9%), others (2.5%). cAnemia: g/dL in men and g/dL in women.
