Role of Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, Prediction, and Cellular Transformation of Asthma

Table 1

Some DNA methylated genes with genetic loci, epigenetic modifications, and clinical outcome from different tissues/samples.

Tissues/samples	Genes	Genetic location	Epigenetic modification	Clinical outcome	References
Nasal epithelium	ALOX15, POSTN	17p13.2, 13q13.3	Hypomethylation	Th2 response, childhood asthma	[30]
Blood	ALOX12	17p13.1	Hypomethylation	Childhood persistent wheezing	[34]
Blood	IFN-γ, FOXP3	12q15, Xp11.23	Hypermethylation	Impaired T cell function, Treg and T effector repression	[35]
Blood	IL-13, RUNX3, and TIGIT	5q31.1, 1p36.11, and 3q13.31	Hypomethylation	Childhood asthma	[36]
Cord blood	IL-2 Site1	4q27	Hypermethylation	Severe asthma in children	[37]
Blood	IL-5RA	3p26.2	Hypomethylation	Asthma (in teens)	[38]
Cord blood	GATA3	10p14	Hypermethylation	Reduced asthma risk	[40]
HapMap LCLs	ZPBP2	17q12-q21	Hypomethylation	Asthma	[41]
Blood	CYP26A1	10q23.33	Hypermethylation	Aspirin intolerant asthma and allergy	[42]
Nasal epithelium	TET1	10q21.3	Hypomethylation	Asthma	[43]
Blood	IL1R2	2q11.2	Hypermethylation	Asthma	[45]
Newborn blood spots	AXL	19q13.2	Hypermethylation	Wheezing ()	[46]
Buccal cells	ARG2	14q24.1	Hypermethylation	Decreased FeNO in children with asthma	[47]
Airway epithelium	IL-6, NOS2	7p15.3, 17q11.2	Hypomethylation	Increased FeNO, childhood asthma	[48]
Blood	ADRB2	5q31-33	Hypermethylation	Severe childhood asthma	[49]
Saliva/blood	ADRB2	5q31-33	Hypomethylation	Reduced dyspnea in asthmatic children	[50]
Sputum	PCDH20	13q21.2	Hypermethylation	Asthma in adults	[51]
Nasal epithelium	CDH26, CDHR3	20q13.33, 7q22.3	Hypomethylation	Differentiate atopy with atopic asthma	[52]
Cord blood	C7orf50, ZAR1	7p22.3, 4p11	Hypomethylation	Associated with IgE levels	[53]
Airway epithelium	STAT5A	17q21.2	Hypermethylation	Enhanced Th1 response, decreased EOS recruitment	[54]
Blood	WNT2	7q31.2	Hypermethylation	Neutrophilic asthma	[55]
Endobronchial AEC	ORMDL3	17q12-21	Hypermethylation	Asthma in adults	[56]
Lung AEC	IL-13	5q31	Hypermethylation	Asthma	[57]

For genetic loci: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ or https://www.genecards.org/ or cited references.