Ocular TGF-β, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and TIMP-1 Increase with the Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 4

Concentrations (; pg/ml) of MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in serum and AH of healthy individuals (controls) and diabetic patients with different stages of DR. The fold change for each group was calculated relative to the control group.

	Healthy controls	Non-apparent DR		Mild/moderate NPDR		Advanced NPDR/PDR
	(pg/ml)	(pg/ml)	Relative change	(pg/ml)	Relative change	(pg/ml)	Relative change
MMP-3
Serum			1.5		2.0		2.3
AH			1.8		5.0		7.7
MMP-9
Serum			1.7		2.0		2.2
AH			0.9		1.3		2.3
TIMP-1
Serum			1.1		0.9		1.3
AH			0.8		1.1		2.4

Factor of change compared to healthy controls.