|
| Natural compounds | Mode of action in blocking of EMT | References |
|
| Genistein | Suppress nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) which induces MET in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) | [98] |
| Suppress the TGFβ pathway that inhibits endocrine disruptor-induced EMT in ovarian cancer cells (BG-1) | [99] |
| Resveratrol | Suppress HIF-1α protein which inhibits hypoxia-induced EMT in osteosarcoma cells | [101] |
| Inhibits the Hh signaling pathway which inhibits LPS-dependent EMT in prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP) | [102] |
| Induces overexpression of E-cadherin and suppression of vimentin by blocking the TGFβ1/Smads signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells | [103] |
| Induce MET in pancreatic cancer via suppression of AKT signaling pathways | [104] |
| Suppress the EGF-activated Erk pathway which prevents EGF-activated EMT in the ER-positive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | [105] |
| Showed inhibitory action against TGFβ1-induced EMT in lung cancer cells | [106] |
| Kaempferol | Suppress mesenchymal protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer | [107] |
| Arctigenin (ARC) | Prevented TGFβ-induced EMT in lung cancer cells | [108] |
| Baicalin and baicalein | Block expression of Slug protein and NF-κB signaling pathway that inhibit the TGFβ1-dependent EMT process in mammary epithelial cells | [110] |
| Berberine | Induces overexpression of E-cadherin and suppression of N-cadherin, fibronectin, vimentin, Snail, Slug, and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1) protein expression | [111] |
| Celastrol | Suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail. It induces the expression of E-cadherin | [112] |
| Epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) | Induces overexpression of E-cadherin and suppression of mesenchymal proteins which prevent TGFβ1-dependent EMT in lung cancer cells | [113] |
| Gedunin | Downregulates expression of mesenchymal proteins such as Slug, Snail, N-cadherin, vimentin, and Zeb as well as upregulation of E-cadherin | [114] |
| Plumbagin | Induces overexpression of E-cadherin and reduces expression of Snail, Slug, TCF-8/Zeb1, β-catenin, and vimentin which drive reprogramming of the EMT process | [115] |
| Cardamonin | Blocks the Wnt signaling pathway which prevents EMT in triple-negative breast cancer cells | [96] |
| Luteolin | (i) Inhibits the PI3K/AKT/NF-kB/Snail pathway which prevents TGF-1-dependent EMT in lung cancer cells
(ii) Prevents STAT3 signaling which inhibits IL-6-dependent EMT in pancreatic cancer
(iii) Showed anti-EMT activity in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells | [96] |
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