TIRAP, TRAM, and Toll-Like Receptors: The Untold Story

Figure 3

Schematic representation of the adaptors that bind the TIR domain of TLRs. TIRAP is preferentially localized at the cytoplasmic membrane through a PIP₂-binding domain and recruits MyD88. Myristoylated TRAM localizes at the endosomes and triggers IFN I production via TRIF. Abbreviations: MAPKs: mitogen-activated protein kinases; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; PIP₂: phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; TIRAP: Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TRAM: TRIF-related adaptor molecule; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β.