The gut microbiota, which is comprised of the millions of bacteria inhabiting the intestines, is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of the immune and metabolic systems and appears to influence numerous human diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as vascular diseases (VDs). VDs, such as coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, are a major cause of mortality and disability, and result in an exceptionally high burden to medical facilities and resources globally. Over the last decade, an accumulating number of studies have indicated that factors related to the gut microbiota and traditional VD risk factors may cooperatively contribute to VDs, leading to pathogenesis and disease progression. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) for instance, activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and nuclear factor (NF) kB nuclear translocation, leading to subsequent pro-inflammatory gene expression that induces vascular inflammation. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), which is derived from the microbial metabolism of phenylalanine, is involved in the enhancement of platelet thrombotic potential via adrenergic receptors and participates in the occurrence of VDs.

Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue is to collect original articles and review papers focusing on inflammatory mediators from gut microbiota that contribute prominently to VDs. This Special Issue aims to gather papers cross-examining mechanisms and clinical translations of VDs, including, but not limited to, coronary artery disease, cerebral infarction, acute myocardial infarction, vasculopathies, and inflammatory vasculitis.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• New potential biomarkers
• Therapeutic targets and treatment related to inflammatory mediators from gut microbiota in the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis of VDs
• Associations between VDs, inflammation, the disorder of diet, exercise, and gut microbiota
• Gene polymorphisms in the gene associated with inflammatory mediators from gut microbiota
• Cardiovascular disease susceptibility