The past 10 years in immunology were characterized by breakthrough progress in the field of innate immunity, especially by the definition of the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily. Toll-like receptors are pattern recognition receptors that play a predominant role for innate immunity and inflammation. After much insights into the basic signalling events, the next step will be to unravel the therapeutic potential of the modulation of different TLR/IL1R-pathways. These pathways are involved in many different pathologies, and the therapeutic interference could have a substantial clinical benefit in a variety of diseases, ranging from allergy, over atherosclerosis, to cancer.

We invite authors to present original research articles as well as review articles that will stimulate the continuing efforts in defining the role of innate immunity signalling pathways in clinical applications. We are particularly interested in manuscripts that report the clinical applications of approved or investigational TLR-modulating therapy in various fields of medicine (cardiovascular, oncology, dermatology, pneumology, etc.) with emphasis on efficacy, toxicity, response assessment, prognostic factors, and predictive markers. Reviews that summarize the results of basic research on Toll-like receptors and innate immunity receptors, or those receptors as targets in clinical trials and their future implications on treatment practice, are particularly welcome. Potential topics include but are not limited to:

• Clinical implications of innate immune signalling
• Therapeutical exploitation of signalling
• Clinical trials on innate immune signalling

Before submission authors should carefully read over the journal's Author Guidelines, which are located at http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/guidelines/. Prospective authors should submit an electronic copy of their complete manuscript through the journal Manuscript Tracking System at http://mts.hindawi.com/ according to the following timetable: